蕨麻多糖对小鼠免疫细胞信号转导相关分子的影响

以50、100、200、400μg/mL的蕨麻多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞在体外分别孵育4、8、12、24 h,测定了细胞培养液中一氧化氮（NO）、6-酮-PGF1α及血栓素B2（TXB2）的水平和细胞内cGMP的含量,测定了加入蕨麻多糖后2、5、10 min时细胞内游离钙离子（Ca^2＋）的浓度。结果显示,蕨麻多糖能明显促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌一氧化氮,显著升高小鼠脾淋巴细胞内cGMP及钙离子的水平,对细胞内TXB2的产生有抑制作用,能够调整花生四烯酸体系向6-酮-PGF1α一端偏移。提示蕨麻多糖能够增强脾淋巴细胞的免疫作用。     

蕨麻多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖和一氧化氮分泌的影响

为探讨蕨麻多糖（Potentilla anserine polysaccharide，PAP）免疫调节的作用机理，观察了PAP对小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外增殖和分泌一氧化氮的影响。结果显示，50mg／L PAP配合ConA或LPS（lipopolysaccharide，脂多糖）能使小鼠脾淋巴细胞在体外显著增殖（P〈0．05）；100、200及400mg／L PAP配合ConA或LPS可使小鼠脾淋巴细胞在体外极显著增殖（P〈0．01）；与对照组相比，PAP以不同浓度（50～400mg／L）处理小鼠脾淋巴细胞后一氧化氮分泌量均显著升高（P〈0．05）。试验结果表明，蕨麻多糖能明显促进体外培养的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖和分泌一氧化氮，与ConA或LPS有协同作用。     

蕨麻多糖对小鼠血清中三种细胞因子水平的影响

通过给小鼠腹腔注射100mg／kg环磷酰胺，建立免疫抑制模型，观察了100、200、400mg／kg剂量蕨麻多糖配合应用后对小鼠血清中细胞因子IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平的影响。结果表明，蕨麻多糖能明显升高正常小鼠血清中的IL-6水平，呈剂量依赖关系；能升高正常小鼠血清中的IFN-γ水平，而对TNF-α水平无明显影响。环磷酰胺能降低小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平，蕨麻多糖能拮抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制，升高小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平，提高机体的免疫功能。     

蕨麻多糖对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞NADPH氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨蕨麻多糖对体外培养的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞NADPH氧化酶活性的影响,作者应用超氧阴离子荧光探针HE标记脾脏淋巴细胞后,借助激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,对脾淋巴细胞内HE荧光强度的变化进行了检测。结果经H2O2诱导处理的脾细胞中NADPH氧化酶活性显著降低,蕨麻多糖能使脾淋巴细胞内荧光强度增强。表明蕨麻多糖(PAP)能够拮抗由H2O2引起的酶活性降低,促进细胞NADPH氧化酶的活性的恢复,从而影响免疫细胞呼吸爆发功能。     

蕨麻多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫器官作用的组织学观察

近年来,对植物多糖的研究发展很快,发现某些植物所含多糖类化合物是一种免疫调节剂,它具有抑制肿瘤生长、激活免疫细胞、改善机体免疫功能等作用,对正常细胞无毒副作用。蕨麻多糖（Potentilla anserine polysaccharide,PAP）是从蔷薇科植物委陵菜属鹅绒委陵菜的块根蕨麻（potentilla anserine）中提取的一种天然多糖,药理实验结果显示蕨麻具有提高机体免疫力、抗疲劳、耐缺氧和止泻抑菌的作用,因此可推测蕨麻多糖应为蕨麻的活性成分之一。     

蕨麻多糖对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞内氧化还原状态的影响

20世纪90年代以来,体内活性氧开始受到研究者的重视,越来越多的研究表明,活性氧可作为细胞的信号分子．激活核转录因子,启动基因表达,同时促进细胞外其它信号对基因表达的影响。活性氧可以影响细胞代谢、基因表达和翻译后的修饰。当活性氧大量产生,超过机体抗氧化能力时,可导致机体的氧化损伤。细胞内氧化还原系统对维持正常细胞生理过程发挥着关键作用,GSH／GSSG的平衡是保持细胞自稳态的物质基础。而富含巯基的谷胱甘肽（GSH）在机体的抗氧化系统中起着重要作用,是调节机体氧化还原状态的主要分子。前期研究表明．蕨麻多糖具有提高机体免疫力、抗衰老、耐缺氧等作用。在本实验中笔者等通过检测细胞内GSH和GSSG水平,观察了蕨麻多糖对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞内氧化还原状态的影响。以探讨蕨麻多糖的抗氧化能力。     

银杏叶多糖对雏鸡肿瘤坏死因子α和γ干扰素产生的影响

体外给1日龄雏鸡腹腔注射马立克氏病强毒株（0．2mL／只），而后注射不同浓度银杏多糖悬液，最后一次给药后48h，采雏鸡脾组织，制备淋巴细胞。生物法测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα），ELISA测γ干扰素（IFNT）。结果表明，一定浓度的银杏多糖能提高雏鸡脾淋巴细胞培养上清中TNFα活性，且在一定范围内呈剂量依赖关系。     

山豆根多糖对鸡脾脏淋巴细胞信号转导相关分子水平的影响

为探讨山豆根多糖(SSP)对体外培养的鸡脾脏淋巴细胞信号分子的影响,采用终浓度为50、100、200、400μg/mL的山豆根多糖分4、8、12、24 h 4个时间段刺激培养鸡脾脏淋巴细胞,测定培养上清或细胞内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)、6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)、血栓素B2(TXB2)和一氧化氮(NO)信号转导分子水平。结果表明,山豆根多糖在终浓度为100μg/mL时与鸡脾脏淋巴细胞共同培养8 h后能显著升高cAMP(P0.01)、6-keto-PGF1α(P0.05)、TXB2(P0.01)水平,4种浓度的山豆根多糖对NO分子水平随时间的变化有不同程度的升高(P0.05),影响cAMP/cGMP和6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2信号体系。提示山豆根多糖可通过影响免疫细胞内的信号转导而影响机体的免疫功能。     

血栓素和前列环素在肉鸡肺动脉高压中的作用

200只商品代肉鸡分成低温处理组和对照组，处理组在15日龄利用15－18℃低温诱发肉鸡肺动脉高压和腹水症。用放射免疫诊断盒测定处理后19、27、33、40日龄血浆、肺脏TXB2和6－酮－PGF1α的动态变化，利用SMUP－2A生物信号处理系统监测肺动脉压变化。结果表明肺脏和血浆TXB2在低温早期均出现升高，肺动脉低压组、高压组也出现显著性升高；低温处理早期血浆和肺脏组织6－酮－PGF1α浓度呈显著性降低，肺动脉高压组、低压组与对照组相比，明显降低。低温处理2周后肺动脉出现高压，这提示低温早期TXB2／PGI2失去平衡，肺脏和血液中TXB2升高可能是造成低温早期肺血管收缩、肺动脉高压的主要因素之一。     

枸杞多糖对雏鸡肿瘤坏死因子α和γ干扰素水平的影响

考察枸杞多糖对雏鸡肿瘤坏死因子α和γ干扰素水平的影响。先给1日龄雏鸡腹腔注射马立克强毒株（0.2 m L/只）,后注射不同浓度枸杞多糖悬液,最后一次给药后48 h,采集雏鸡脾组织,分离淋巴细胞,分别以生物法和ELISA方法测定肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）与γ干扰素（IFN-γ）水平。结果表明,一定浓度的枸杞多糖能提高雏鸡脾淋巴细胞中TNF-α和IFN-γ含量,且在一定范围内呈剂量依赖关系。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.