扎鲁司特对低温诱发的肉鸡肺动脉高压的影响

将60只雄性艾维茵商品代肉鸡常规育雏，17日龄随机分为3组：常温对照组(常温组)、低温模型组(低温组)和低温扎鲁司特组(扎鲁司特组)。各组于处理后14d(31日龄)和21d(38日龄)分别用右心导管法及直接导管法测定扎鲁司特对肺动脉压(PAP)和股动脉压(FAP)的影响，同时测定红细胞压积(PCV)和腹水心脏指数(AHI)。结果：(1)在低温环境的早期，扎鲁司特使肉鸡肺动脉收缩压和舒张压均升高，后期仅使舒张压升高；(2)扎鲁司特使PCV升高，增加了血液黏性阻力；(3)扎鲁司特使AHI升高，促进右心肥大；(4)扎鲁司特对股动脉压无显著性影响。可见扎鲁司特促进了肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征的发生发展。     

维拉帕米对肉鸡肺动脉高压发生过程中肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-Fos表达的影响

研究低温诱发肉鸡肺动脉高压过程中肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-Fos的表达情况,及钙拮抗剂维拉帕米对c-Fos表达和肺动脉压的影响,从而探讨肉鸡肺动脉高压的发生机制。180只AA肉鸡14日龄随机分为对照组、低温处理组和维拉帕米组,14~49日龄,每组每周随机取6只测定肺动脉压,取肺组织固定做石蜡组织切片进行c-Fos免疫组织化学染色分析。结果显示,低温处理1周后肉鸡肺动脉压明显升高(P0.05),20~50μm肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-Fos表达在处理后1周开始明显升高,50~100μm肺动脉c-Fos表达在处理后2周开始明显升高(P0.05),而维拉帕米组肉鸡肺动脉压和c-Fos的表达在相应的时间内较低温组明显降低(P0.05)。结果表明肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-Fos在低温诱发的肉鸡肺动脉压升高的过程中表达增强,阻断钙通道可抑制肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞c-Fos的过高表达和肺动脉压升高。     

日粮中添加L—NAME对肉鸡腹水综合征发生的影响及其机理

应用低温环境和日粮中添加三碘甲腺原氨酸（3，3，5－triiodothyronine,T3)诱发肉鸡腹水综合征，同时通过日粮添加一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L－NAME，研究了抑制NO的合成对肉鸡肺动脉压及肉鸡腹水综合征发生的影响。180羽AA肉鸡随机等分为对照组（C）、试验组（A、B），参试鸡14日前按常规条件饲养。14日龄后C组鸡按常规条件饲养，A、B组鸡舍温按每日1－2℃逐步降至12℃，同时日粮中添加T3 1．5mg/kg以诱发腹水综合征。另外，B组肉鸡从14日龄起在日粮中添加100mg/kgL－NAME至试验结束。分别于3、4、5、6周龄测定各组肉鸡肺动脉平均压（mean pulmonary arterial pressure,mPAP)、红细胞压积、右心全心比、血浆一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（endothelin-1,ET-1)水平并记录腹水综合征发病率。结果显示：低温添加T3处理后，A、B组肉鸡腹水综合征发病率增加，但B组高于A组；A、B组肉鸡mPAP从5周龄起高于C组（P＜0．05）；A、B组右心全心比的升高分别在6、5周龄时出现，B组右心全心比的升高比A组提前1周；B组 肉鸡血浆NO水平低于A组，差异不显著；A、B组肉鸡血浆ET－1水平高于C组（P＜0．05）；在6周龄时，A组肉鸡心率明显降低，B组肉鸡心率明显升高。随着肺动脉高压和右心肥大的出现，心率的升高可能促进了右心衰竭和肉鸡腹水综合征的发生。上述结果提示，抑制NO的合成可能促进了肉鸡肺动脉高压，右心肥大的形成和肉鸡腹水综合征的发生。     

低温诱发肉鸡腹水综合征发生过程中肺血管重塑与肺动脉高压的关系

将160只15日龄雄性AA商品代肉鸡随机分为对照组((22±1.5)℃)和低温组((11±2)℃)。15~50日龄,每组每周随机取6只,以右心导管法直接测定肺动脉压(PAP),并取肺组织做石蜡切片进行Weigert-间苯二酚复红染色,分析肺血管重塑情况。50日龄时统计整个饲养过程中肉鸡腹水综合征(AS)发生率。结果显示,低温组肉鸡AS发生率(18.75%)极显著高于对照组(1.25%)(P<0.01);低温组肉鸡PAP从22日龄开始较对照组明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05);20~50、50~100、100~200μm肺动脉结构分别从36、43、43日龄开始较对照组发生了明显的重塑(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结果表明,低温诱发肉鸡AS过程中出现了明显的PAP升高和肺血管重塑,且肺动脉高压(PH)促进了肺血管重塑,肺血管重塑加剧了PAP升高。     

早期限饲对肉鸡血浆NO水平、红细胞比容和心脏指数的影响

试验测定了常温和低温下限饲肉鸡和非限饲肉鸡体内一氧化氮(NO)含量、红细胞比容(PCV)和心脏指数的变化,以探讨早期限饲降低肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)发病率的机理。试验结果显示低温下肉鸡的PCV值、心脏指数和PHS的发病率显著升高,NO水平在低温早期显著降低,然而随着低温时间的延长,低温处理组肉鸡的血浆NO水平反而代偿性升高。早期限饲显著降低了肉鸡生长早期的红细胞压积值,并显著降低了42日龄心脏指数和PHS的发病率。限饲鸡在限饲期间血浆NO水平显著降低,但其他阶段与非限饲鸡差异不显著。这提示早期限饲能够缓解肉鸡肺动脉高压和右心肥大的产生,其机理可能与NO和PCV改变所致的血流动力学变化有关。     

早期限饲对肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用低温诱发肉鸡腹水综合征(AS)，并观察早期限饲对常温和低温饲养时肉鸡AS的发病率、肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响。试验1，限饲处理组肉鸡分别于7～14日龄或7～21日龄每天给料8h，对照组肉鸡全程自由采食。试验2，限饲组肉鸡分别于7～14日龄给予对照组肉鸡前一天饲料消耗量的60％或80％，对照组肉鸡自由采食。试验过程中连续测定肉鸡血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH—Px)、丙二醛(MDA)水平和腹水心脏指数(RV／TV值)。结果显示低温显著升高了肉鸡血浆MDA浓度，降低了血浆SOD和GSH—Px的活性；低温饲养肉鸡5～6周龄时的RV／TV值显著升高，AS的发病率显著增加。限饲处理显著降低了肉鸡血浆MDA含量，并且限饲处理肉鸡生长后期血浆中SOD和GSH—Px活性显著高于自由采食组肉鸡。所有的限饲处理均能降低肉鸡AS的发病率，并且早期限饲处理肉鸡42日龄的RV／TV值显著低于非限饲肉鸡。这表明早期限饲能够减轻肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用，提高机体抗氧化酶的活性，从而降低AS的发病率。     

蕨麻多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞花生四烯酸代谢的影响

目的：探讨蕨麻多糖（PAP）对小鼠脾淋巴细胞内花生四烯酸（AA）代谢产物的影响。方法：用放射免疫方法检测了血栓素B2（TXB2）和6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-K-PGF1α）在细胞内的含量。结果：不同蕨麻多糖浓度组，6—K—PGF1α含量达到高峰的时间段各不相同；与对照组相比较，100μg／ml PAP组TXB2的含量明显偏低，而其它各组在同一时间段TXB2含量与多糖浓度呈剂量依赖关系；并且PGF1α／TXB2比值也随PAP浓度递增而升高。结论：PAP能调节小鼠脾淋巴细胞AA代谢水平和机体PGF1α／TXB2平衡状态，影响机体免疲机能。     

低温高能日粮对肉鸡肺动脉和腹水症的影响

本试验用高能日粮饲养１日龄ＡＡ父母代公雏，２１日龄开始用低温估为发病模型诱发肉鸡腹水症，取不同日龄的肉鸡肺脏和肺动脉固定，光镜和电镜观察肺脏组织学变化，用图像分析仪进行肺动脉测定，结果如下：低温组３５日龄时直径５０～１００rm、１００～２００um肺动脉中膜肥大，管腔面积，差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。外膜下弹力纤维、胶原纤维增多。低温下２８日龄超微结构观察表明肺动脉内皮细胞肿胀、细胞突起消失。随着低温时     

实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学Ⅱ.血清NO和花生四烯酸代谢物的变化

选择 9只 6～ 10月龄健康雄性白山羊 ,经粪便检查和 Dot- EL ISA检测 ,确认无肝片吸虫感染 ,随机分成感染组(n=5 )和对照组 (n=4 ) ,试验组每只一次性口服接种 15 0个肝片吸虫囊蚴 ,感染前 (0周 )至感染后 2 3周每周从颈静脉采集血液 1次 ,分离血清 ,测定一氧化氮含量和花生四烯酸代谢物 6 -酮 -前列腺素 F1α(6 - keto- PGF1α)和血栓素 B2(TXB2 )的变化。结果表明 ,肝片吸虫感染后第 6～ 2 1周试验组血清中的 NO一直高于对照组 ,并在第 7、10周时显著地高于对照组 ;血浆中 TXB2 水平变化较为明显 ,在 1～ 3周与对照组相比无显著差异 ,从第 5周开始到试验结束 ,试验组血浆中 TXB2 水平均显著或极显著地高于对照组 ;在整个试验期间 ,血浆中 6 - keto- PGF1α水平变化不显著。这一结果提示 ,NO及花生四烯酸代谢物可能参与山羊肝片吸虫病的发生发展过程。     

两种钙颉颃剂对肉鸡肺动脉高压和右心肥大的影响

为了揭示肉鸡肺动脉高压的形成机理,为预防和治疗肉鸡腹水综合征提供理论依据,试验研究了两种钙颉颃剂硝苯地平和维拉帕米对肉鸡肺动脉高压和腹水肉鸡右心肥大指数的影响.结果表明:44日龄,硝苯地平组肺动脉压极明显低于低温组(P<0.01);28和36日龄,维拉帕米明显降低肺动脉压 (P<0.05);44日龄维拉帕米组肺动脉压极明显低于低温组(P<0.01).硝苯地平和维拉帕米可降低肉鸡腹水心脏指数.结果说明维拉帕米和硝苯地平降低了低温诱发的肺动脉高压和肉鸡腹水综合征的发生率,降低肉鸡腹水心脏指数,初步证实钙信号参与了肺动脉高压的形成.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.