有机无机肥料对小麦的肥效及其交互作用

在京郊大同肥力水平土壤上,有机肥和化肥配合施用小麦增产量最高,其增量在中、高肥力试验点上大于低肥力试验点.有机肥和化肥配合施用时的增产作用是它们各自增产效应之和,它们之间的交互效应不显著.在高肥力土壤上甚至有负的交互效应,即配台施用时的增产量小于分施时各自增产量之和.根据肥料试验,本文提出了京郊不同肥力水平土壤上小麦有机无机肥料配合施用量,并发现在低肥力土壤上随着有机肥的施用,化肥氮的用量增加,化肥磷用量可减少;在高肥力土壤上随有机肥的施用,化肥氮用量减少,化肥磷用量增加;在中等肥力土壤上配合有机肥的施用,氮磷化肥用量均个应减少,应略为增加.     

Incidental phosphorus losses – are they significant and can they be predicted?

Fresh applications of phosphorus (P) may cause ‘incidental’ losses of dissolved and particulate P forms in land runoff when rainfall interacts directly with fertilizers and manures which are spread, or excreted, onto the soil surface. Research indicates that when incidental P losses (IPL) occur, they often make the dominant (50–98 %) contribution to measured P loads in surface and sub‐surface runoff from field plots, with increased risk of eutrophication where P‐enriched runoff is routed directly to the watercourse. Rates of P loss are temporally and spatially very variable (< 1 to 25 % of total P applied) depending on the amount of P applied; the P release properties of the materials applied (% P extractable in water), the timing of storm events after application and the amounts of runoff generated. Large P applications left on the surface of wet, frozen, compacted, and intensively underdrained soils in high rainfall areas are particularly vulnerable to IPL. Concentrations of P in runoff are often greatest during the first storm event following P application, but can remain high for several weeks, or even months after application. Catchment scale impacts are more difficult to quantify due to the effects of dilution with runoff from fields without IPL, and the contributions of P from other sources. Approaches to predicting IPL are discussed and need to be improved in order to assess the contribution of IPL to catchment P loads in river basin management planning. Strategies to control IPL should focus on adoption of more sensitive management practices in fields with a high risk of rapid runoff or preferential flow, and are likely to very effective.     

膨润土改善鸡粪厌氧消化产酸产甲烷特性

为探究膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产甲烷特性和可溶性有机酸代谢特性的影响,采用L8(23)正交试验设计,以鸡粪添加量(有机负荷率)、膨润土添加量和接种量为三因素,每个因素设置2个水平,研究了中温条件下(35±1)℃膨润土添加对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产酸和产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,低有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能显著(P0.05)提高鸡粪挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了22.72%、27.72%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异不显著(P0.05));高有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能极显著(P0.01)提高鸡粪VS产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了78.68%和55.41%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异显著(P0.05))。当鸡粪添加量为19.91 g挥发性固体,膨润土添加量为3.0%(占干基比)和接种量为80 m L(体积分数20%)时,单位挥发性固体产甲烷量最高为301.92 m L/g,比对照组高87.8%,此时可变成本也最低为2.43元/m~3,比两对照组分别低1.29和1.68元/m~3。方差分析表明:膨润土添加可提高鸡粪厌氧消化过程中挥发性脂肪酸,pH值,可溶性有机碳和可溶性无机碳的稳定性。膨润土可加强鸡粪厌氧消化系统的稳定性,降低产甲烷的可变成本,为膨润土强化鸡粪厌氧处理提供了试验验证据。     

规模化养殖畜禽粪主要有害成分测定分析研究

随着我国规模化养殖业的快速发展,畜禽粪中重金属、兽药残留、盐分及有害菌等有害污染物的增加,构成影响农田土壤健康功能的限制因素,甚至带来生态环境风险。对我国7个省、市、自治区的典型规模化养殖畜禽粪的主要化学组成进行了测定。结果表明,规模化养殖畜禽粪中富含有机质、氮、磷、钾及钙、镁、铁、钠、锰、钴等矿质元素;砷、铜、锌、铬等重金属及盐分含量较高,55个猪粪、鸡粪样中,Cu、Zn、Cr、As含量变幅分别为10.7～1591mg/kg、71.3～8710.mg/kg、0～688.mg/kg、0.01～65.4.mg/kg。同时多有四环素类抗生素残留,32个猪粪样中,土霉素、四环素、金霉素平均含量分别为9.09.mg/kg、5.22.mg/kg、3.57.mg/kg;23个鸡粪样中,土霉素、四环素、金霉素平均含量分别为5.97.mg/kg2、.63.mg/kg1、.39.mg/kg。因此,规模化养殖畜禽粪对农田施用后存在潜在危害性,规模化养殖畜禽粪必须进行无害化处理,才能资源化利用。     

Verbesserungsvorschlag zur gefahrlosen Beheizung brennbarer Lösungsmittel zur Fettextraktion (Kurzmitteilung)

A crop rotation field study with manure application was established at Tartu in 1985. Biological and chemical properties were evaluated on fine sandy loam Podzoluvisol in May 1989. The treatments included unmanured (N_o and N₈₀) controls, two peat based composts and five manures of different origin. The procedures of the most probable number (MPN) and spread plate counts were used for microbiological investigation, but also enzymatic activities, nitrogen forms, total‐C and pH were simultaneously estimated in plough layer soil. The most variable i.e. the most clearly differentiated physiological groups within manures were cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria followed by Azotobacter spp. together with actinomycetes. Abundance of aerobic cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria correlated positively with the number of soil algae and fungi, and negatively with nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reductase. The number of actinomycetes correlated positively with urease and catalase activity. Soil enzymatic activity was mainly modified by nitrite‐reductase. Peat composts had the highest C‐content and highest pH value compared with other soils. Pig slurry and NH₄NO₃ (N80) treatment had the highest level of fixed NH⁺ ₄ ‐ions in soil. Nine months after manure application no differences were found in the unstable NO^– ₃content of soil. Variation in the number of the studied microbial physiological groups between treatments remained insignificant.     

施用豆科绿肥对砖红壤有效磷含量的影响

土壤缺磷是热带和亚热带地区作物生产的主要限制因子之一。本研究分析了14份热带、亚热带豆科绿肥施入土壤后对砖红壤有效磷含量影响的时间动态变化。结果表明,施用绿肥后不同时段能不同程度地提高土壤有效磷的含量,且施用绿肥后的土壤有效磷含量显著高于不施用绿肥土壤,其中木蓝（Magnolia lotungensis）对砖红壤有效磷含量增量变幅高达339%。此外,施用不同的绿肥对土壤有效磷含量的影响不同,但对土壤有效磷含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥时砖红壤有效磷含量提高较大的最佳埋田时间为1个月。     

施用热带豆科绿肥对砖红壤pH值的动态影响及其机制研究

利用尼龙网袋法分析了假木豆、尖叶木兰、铺地木兰、圆叶绒毛山蚂蝗、马占相思、圆叶舞草、合萌和密子豆8种热带绿肥施入砖红壤后,土壤pH值的动态变化及pH值变化的作用机理。结果表明:施用不同种类的豆科绿肥均能有效提高土壤的pH值,灰碱含量高的绿肥植物增加pH值效果更好,NH4+-N的变化与土壤pH值的变化趋势一致。     

过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

应用Manure-DNDC模型模拟畜禽养殖氮素污染

畜禽养殖是重要的农业面源氮素污染源头,大量的畜禽粪便施入农田后,会加大农田氮素径流和淋溶损失强度。畜禽养殖废弃物氮素污染过程复杂,涉及到动物自身营养循环以及废弃物通过不同途径进入环境的过程,目前大多通过排放系数法估算畜禽养殖过程产生的氮素污染负荷。该文选用最新版Manure-DNDC模型,以山东小清河流域为例,模拟畜禽养殖及废弃物处理的生物地球化学过程,分析氮素在动物、畜禽粪便、农田之间的迁移转化,探讨该过程中氮素的主要损失途径以及污染物负荷的时空变化特征。模拟结果表明,小清河流域2008年畜禽养殖及粪便处理场所氮素径流损失4.66万t,粪便施入农田后的氮素径流和淋溶损失分别为0.1、0.51万t。     

畜禽粪肥与化肥配施对春小麦产量和养分吸收利用的影响

为了解不同畜禽粪肥在春小麦生产上的应用效果,通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾养分等量的情况下,比较分析了施用猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪和羊粪后春小麦产量和养分吸收利用的差异。结果表明,4种畜禽粪肥与化肥配施均能提高春小麦产量,促进养分吸收,提高肥料利用效率,培肥土壤,尤其以鸡粪与化肥配施效果最好。相比单施化肥处理,鸡粪与化肥配施处理的籽粒和秸秆产量分别提高13.43%和8.20%,籽粒和秸秆中的氮、磷和钾含量分别提高0.73%、9.74%、6.98%和2.86%、4.00%、9.19%,氮、磷和钾的累积量分别提高了14.27%、22.81%、22.81%和11.48%、11.11%、18.07%;氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥生理利用效率分别提高0.48%、52.77%、42.51%、13.46%和33.71%;磷素收获指数、磷肥农学效率、磷肥吸收利用效率、磷肥偏生产力和磷肥生理利用效率分别提高2.42%、52.77%、62.00%、13.47%和25.82%;钾素收获指数、钾肥农学效率、钾肥吸收利用效率、钾肥偏生产力和钾肥生理利用效率分别提高2.45%、52.77%、55.72%、13.47%和29.11%。土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高5.75%、10.94%、22.26%、1.95%、9.42%、26.85%和28.43%。