Nitrate,nutrient content and growth parameters of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L.) in response to manure application depending on EMN (estimated mineralizable nitrogen)

We investigated the effects of poultry manures (PM) and cow manures (CM) using estimated mineralizable nitrogen (EMN) method on nitrate, nutrient content and growth parameters of komatsuna and compared with chemical fertilizer (CF) in an abandoned soil. We applied manures as EMN based on their total N content. The 100% of EMN by PM or CM enhanced dry matter (DM) but depressed nitrate content. The PM-Keifun (PMK) with total N (4.87%) produced greater growth parameters, DM, nutrient content and lower nitrate content but manures with total N (<2%) could not. The solo CF₁₅₀ did not promote leaf number but increased nitrate and Na content. In conclusion, a higher total N (>4%) concentration of manure led to increase availability and nutrient contents, DM, and depressed nitrate content of komatsuna, comparable with solo CF in an abandoned soil.     

Effect of manures and fertilizers on soil physical properties,build-up of macro and micronutrients and uptake in soil under different cropping systems: a review

Combined application of manures and fertilizers played a pivotal role in the improvement in soil physico-chemical properties, macro and micronutrients distribution and their transformations under different cropping systems. Based on a cropping system, the different levels of manures and fertilizers were used to study improvement in physico-chemical properties of soil. The aim was to explore the appropriate application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers for improved sustainable yields of a cropping system. Intensive cropping systems lead to N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn deficiencies in surface and subsurface soil, which could be refreshed with combined application of manures and fertilizers. The application of manures and fertilizers controls the pH and electrical conductivity of soil. Moreover, manures and fertilizers showed improvement is soil physical conditions viz. bulk density, particle density, porosity, and water holding capacity etc. Manuring coupled with fertilization helped to great extent for macro and micronutrient transformations in the soil. Under these transformations, the soil solution and water soluble component (fractions/pools) of soil is enriched with macro and micronutrients. There was a consistent declining trend of DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in the sub-surface soil in comparison to the surface layer, which may be ascribed to increase in pH with increase in depth and decrease of organic matter with depth. Similarly, manures reduced the concentration of residual macro and micronutrients in soil. Recently, integrated nutrient management system (INMS) is gaining importance vis-a-vis maintaining the soil fertility with conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers plus organic manures.     

NUTRIENT BUDGETING UNDER COCONUT-BASED PATCHOULI FARMING SYSTEM ON HAPLUDALF

Coconut-based farming systems are the tradition of tropical and subtropical regions. But, using patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)] as an intercrop under coconut is of comparatively recent adoption and no information is absolutely available on the possibility of improving the quality of patchouli through better nutrient supply. A field experiment was, therefore, carried out using different sources of organic manures (M₀–control, M₁–FYM farmyard manure 20 tonnes ha^?1, M₂–pig manure 10 tonnes ha^?1 and M₃–vermicompost 5 tonnes ha^?1) versus inorganic fertilizers (N_o–control, N₁ - 60 kg ha^?1, N₂–80 kg ha^?1, and N₃–100 kg ha^?1) within the interspaces of the coconut plantation on soil taxonomically classified as Orchic Hapludalf under humid tropics of northeast India. Application of treatment M₃ alone produced maximum biomass of leaves (11.24 tonnes ha^?1) followed by M₂ (10.82 tonnes ha^?1), and M₁ (9.54 tonnes ha^?1), all of which were significantly (P < 0.05) superior over M₀ (7.54 tonnes ha^?1). Among the various levels of nitrogen (N), maximum biomass yield of leaves was observed with N₃ (11.63 tonnes ha^?1) ≥ N₂ (11.64 tonnes ha^?1), followed by N₁(8.96 tonnes ha^?1) with the highest yield (19.97 tonnes ha^?1) registered through the combination of M₃N₃. Treatment combination M₃N₃ in turn maintained higher fungal (118 × 10² vs. 31 × 10² with M₀N₀ c.f.u.g^?1 soil) and bacterial populations (48 × 10⁵ vs. 31 × 10³ with M₀N₀ c.f.u.g^?1 soil) for better nutrient acquisition through improvements in the concentration of soil available nutrients. These responses consequently improved the oil concentration in leaves (3.65% with M₃N₃ vs. 2.40% with M₀N₀) and alcohol (49.90% with M₃N₃ vs. 44.52% in M₀N₀) as quality indices. This research verified that the quality of patchouli leaves as an intercrop was raised, besides improving coconut yield (40–55 nuts palm^?1) as main crop, when utilizing combined treatments of vermicompost enriched with inorganic N under coconut-patchouli farming systems.     

畜禽养殖场粪便清扫、堆积及处理单元氮损失率研究

畜禽粪便还田利用是规模养殖场污染治理与控制的有效措施.畜禽粪便从出舍到农田施用,其氮素会有不同程度的损失,对其定量估算有利于畜禽粪便处置或资源化过程中的氮素管理.在总结国内外已有研究报道的基础上,结合本研究室最新的研究成果,探讨了猪粪、牛粪和禽粪在清扫、堆积、高温堆肥、厌氧发酵和沼液贮存这5个单元的氮损失率,估算了畜禽粪便3条主要处理利用途径的氮素实际入田率,分别为:清扫→堆积→还田(29％～80％N,均值为55％N);清扫→堆积→高温好氧堆肥→还田(6％～56％N,均值为31％N);清扫→厌氧发酵→沼液贮存→还田(9％～51％N,均值为30％N).旨在为农田负荷量估算、种养结合的农作物种植面积配置、养殖场废弃物污染风险分析及其防治技术制定等提供科学依据.     

Dynamics of Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity with the Application of Three Animal Manures

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in a soil to which three animal manures [poultry (PM), cattle (CM), and goat (GM) manures] had been applied. The result of this study showed that the manures differed in qualities. Poultry manure had significantly greater EC and dissolved salts compared with the other manures, whereas the pH of cattle and goat manures are significantly greater than that of PM treatment. The liming effect of the manures was only for about 30 days after manure incorporation, and it varied with manure type and incubation period. There was an increase in EC as days of incubation increased. The potential of manure-induced soil salinization is very high in PM and GM. It was concluded that manure quality and use should be synchronized with consideration of their liming potential and reduced salinization effect.     

Long-Term Effect of Lime,Mycorrhiza, and Inorganic and Organic Sources on Soil Fertility,Yield, and Proximate Composition of Sweet Potato in Alfisols of Eastern India

A field experiment was conducted for five kharif seasons (2006–2011) in an Alfisol to study the effect of integrated use of lime, mycorrhiza, and inorganic and organics on soil fertility, yield, and proximate composition of sweet potato. Application of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) significantly increased the mean tuber yield of sweet potato by 44, 106, and 130 percent over control. Green manuring along with ½ NPK showed greater yield response over that of ½ NPK. The greatest mean tuber yield was recorded due to integrated application of lime, farmyard manure (FYM), NPK, and MgSO₄ (13.69 t ha^?1) over the other treatments. Inoculation of mycorrhiza combined with lime, FYM, and NPK showed a significant yield response of 10 percent over FYM + NPK. Conjunctive use of lime, inorganics, and organics not only produces sustainable crop yields but also improve soil fertility, nutrient-use efficiency, and apparent nutrient recovery in comparison to NPK and organic manures.     

Long-Term Influence of Nutrient Management on Carbon and Nutrients In Typic-Ustochrept Soils

ABSTRACT

Continuous incorporation of green manure (GM) and rice straw residue (RSR) over a long period of time generally improved soil physico-chemical properties. To generate this information, laboratory studies were conducted during 2014 on the soil samples collected from an on-going long-term experiment on rice–wheat sequence in progress since 2001. The results of the study reported improvement in bulk density, water holding capacity, and total porosity with green manuring. The maximum organic carbon build up was recorded in manure @ 15 t ha^?1 which was applied through GM. The application of fertilizers, GM and RSR incorporation improved the buildup of the available and total N, P, and K contents of surface soil. The data further indicated that the DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in soil increased significantly in all the fertilizer and manurial treatments over recommended practice. The integrated use of GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers improved the soil fertility status, as well as its physical environment. To sustain the soil health of rice–wheat system in loamy sand soil, it is imperative to apply GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers. Also the increase in DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn may be attributed to chelating action of organic compounds released from manures applied in the form of GM and RSR under rice–wheat system.     

Long-Term Organic Nutrient Management Fosters the Eubacterial Community Diversity in the Indian Semi-arid Alfisol as Revealed by Length Heterogeneity–PCR

Agricultural practices influence the community structure and functional diversity of soil microorganisms. In the present study, the impact of nutrient-management systems on the changes in the biological properties of Indian semi-arid Alfisol was assessed. The long-term organically managed (OGF) and inorganically fertilized (IGF) soils from century-old experimental plots were compared for eubacterial diversity using amplicon length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) targeting three hypervariable domains (V1, V1_V2, and V3) of 16S rRNA gene. Of these domains, V1_V2 could discriminate the bacterial communities between the soil types. The relative ratios of amplicons differed between OGF and ICF soils, and eubacterial diversity was decreased substantially because of the inorganic chemical fertilizers, as compared to organic amendments. The Bray–Curtis similarity index and diversity indices of amplicons were greater in OGF soil than in ICF soil. This polyphasic approach revealed that the diversity and functionality of the soil eubacterial community were encouraged by long-term organic manures more than inorganic chemical fertilizers.     

等养分不同肥料的施用对桉树生长影响及效益分析

沼肥在桉树上的应用性研究几乎处于空白情况,本研究通过对桉树进行等养分肥料施肥,力求探索出沼肥的应用前景,试验结果表明:桉树施用等N、等水分的肥料,施用沼液比施用复合肥+沼液、施用复合肥在树高、地径、胸径以及材积上有明显优良的长势,且大部分指标都达到显著差异,为桉树施用沼肥提供借鉴。     

基于NUFER模型的生猪养殖氮磷利用效率及排放时空变化

城市郊区集约化畜禽生产系统的快速发展在满足日益增长的畜产品需求的同时也带来了严重的环境问题。该研究利用北京生猪养殖场调研数据和养分流动模型NUFER分析了1980年到2013年北京城郊生猪生产体系氮、磷养分利用效率和环境损失时空变化,并利用情景分析提出了5种饲料和粪尿优化管理措施。从1980年到2013年,育肥猪个体尺度(仅包括育肥猪)氮利用效率从17.8%增加到19.0%,磷利用效率从32.0%增加到35.8%;群体尺度(包括育肥猪、母猪等)氮利用效率从16.0%增加到16.7%,磷利用效率从29.5%降低到23.4%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-生猪)氮利用效率从18.5%降低到11.4%,磷利用效率从41.6%降低到17.1%。2013年,总氮损失和总磷损失分别为4.22和0.65万t,较1980年分别增加了56.9%和97.0%。产生这一变化的原因是生猪养殖模式从家庭和传统养殖模式向集约化模式转变,家庭副产品作为饲料利用的比例迅速降低,养分循环链条中断,从而导致系统养分利用效率不断降低。但就育肥猪个体尺度和群体尺度而言,集约化生产模式优化了饲料精准喂养和粪尿管理。与此同时,2000年后国家提出了大量有关畜禽养殖的政策、法规、标准和规范,使得1980年至2013年间养分利用效率出现先减后增和环境损失出现先增后减的趋势。空间分布变化结果显示,北京城区和近郊区域由生猪养殖导致的环境损失迅速减少,而远郊区域的环境损失快速增加,这主要归因于城市发展规划。