Organic manure phosphorus accumulation, mobility and management

Abstract. Organic manures are an important source of P which can make a significant economic contribution to farm fertilizer policies. In the region of 119000 tonnes of P are returned annually to UK agricultural land in the form of manures collected and handled on farms, with an estimated 66000 tonnes of P applied to tillage land and 53000 tonnes to grassland.
Previous research on the utilization of manure P has tended to indicate a lower efficiency compared to inorganic fertilizer P in the season following application, but in the longer term manure and fertilizer P can be regarded as equivalent. Failure to adequately account for manure P additions to the land may result in soil enrichment which could increase the agricultural contribution to eutrophication, as a result of surface runoff or leaching.
Recent research has indicated that the current guidelines for minimizing runoff losses following the land spreading of manures are generally soundly based. However, there is a need for further research where manures are applied to cracking clay soils with underdrainage, and where rainfall soon after slurry application can increase surface runoff.
The careful cycling of manures within a properly devised fertilizer plan should minimize the risk of unnecessary soil P enrichment and subsequent leaching losses by restricting topsoil extractable P levels to less than 70 mg I^-1.     

施用畜禽粪肥对土壤呼吸和玉米产量的影响及其增效分析

为研究增施畜禽粪肥对土壤培肥和玉米增产的效果,试验以不同畜禽粪肥种类为主区,施肥水平为副区的二因素裂区设计,测定了土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米生物学性状及产量等指标。结果表明,增施不同种类和数量畜禽粪肥,可有效提高土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米年产量和收益:当鸡粪施用量为30.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别达6.0μmol/(m~2·s),6.786 3 g/kg,11 147.1 kg/hm~2和10 719.2元/hm~2;当羊粪施用量为60.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为5.6μmol/(m~2·s),6.785 0 g/kg,11 095.5 kg/hm~2和9 816.0元/hm~2;当猪粪施用量为60.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为5.3μmol/(m~2·s),6.783 3 g/kg,10 692.75 kg/hm~2和9 210.5元/hm~2;当牛粪施肥量为90.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为4.6μmol/(m~2·s),6.780 0 g/kg,10 691.15 kg/hm~2和8 607.3元/hm~2。综上所述,从土壤培肥、玉米增产效果及经济效益来看,各种粪肥肥效由高到低的顺序依次为鸡粪羊粪猪粪牛粪,适宜施肥量分别是鸡粪30.0 m~3/hm~2、羊粪和猪粪为60.0 m~3/hm~2、牛粪90 m~3/hm~2。因此,研究不同畜禽粪肥肥效及适宜施肥量对改善土壤肥力、提高玉米产量和增加农民收入具有重要意义。     

农村户用厕污堆肥反应器设计与试验

针对农村户用厕所环境条件差、厕污处理困难等问题,该研究研制了一种具有负压抽吸进料-螺旋盘管曝气-膜辅助加热功能的110 L农村户用厕污堆肥反应器。根据工程热力学和生物学原理,设计了厕污负压抽吸进料机构、螺旋盘管曝气系统和膜辅助加热机构等关键部件,集成反应器控制单元,并开展反应器性能试验。试验结果表明:堆肥高温期(50℃)维持5d,连续发酵15d后,蛔虫卵死亡率达到100%,大肠菌值检测为46个/g(≤100个/g),种子发芽指数为88.4%,满足《粪便无害化卫生标准》要求。该研究可为农村户用厕污无害化处理及肥料化利用提供装备支撑。     

Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils Freshly Amended with Green Manures

Long term incubation studies to determine the nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics in soils freshly amended with some commonly used green manures such as Sesbania rostrata. Gliricidia maculata. Leucaena leucocephala and Azolla pinnata are scarce. A long term aerobic study was, therefore, conducted by incubating soils freshly amended with the above-mentioned green manures in PVC columns at 35 ± 1 C and with 0.01 Mpa moisture content. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks.
The N-mineralization rates were greatest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. The green manure amended soils leached 247 mg kg⁻¹ more NO₃+ NO₂– N than the unamended control. In general, the total N mineralized (mean 61%) was almost twice that of net N mineralized (mean 30%) in the amended soils. The percent N mineralized (total and net), however, varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. It was greatest in the soil amended with sesbania and lowest in the soil amended with azolla. The kinetic parameters derived using the double exponential model indicated that green manure amended soils possessed significantly higher N-mineralization potentials and rate constants compared to the unamended control. The kinetic parameters also varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. Among the various parameters lignin content, lignin to N ratio and lignin + polyphenol to N ratio of the green manures were the key factors governing the rate of decomposition and subsequent N mineralization from the amended soils.     

沼肥对设施土壤性质的影响

通过对土壤施沼肥与施猪粪化肥的对比试验,研究了沼肥对大棚草莓土壤理化性质、养分含量及微生物区系的动态影响.试验结果表明:施沼肥土壤可溶性盐含量略呈下降趋势,土壤pH变化不明显,有机质含量略呈下降趋势,土壤速效养分及微生物数量呈上升趋势,有害真菌比例呈下降趋势;施猪粪化肥土壤性质指标变化趋势与施沼肥相同,但较平缓,真菌数量有下降趋势.以上结果为沼气的综合利用提供了理论依据.     

施用不同基肥对珍稀野生蔬菜蘘荷生长效果试验研究

介绍了珍稀野生蔬菜蘘荷的生长习性及生长特点;进行了菜饼肥、牛厩肥、猪圈肥、复合肥等不同基肥对蘘荷农艺性状生长影响比较试验,确定了牛厩肥作基肥处理后对蘘荷生物最好。     

Sustainable Saffron Production as Influenced by Integrated Nitrogen Management in Typic Hapludalfs of NW Himalayas

The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha^?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ^?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha^?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha^?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha^?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha^?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha^?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha^?1 and FYM at 60 t ha^?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.     

Effect of Effective Microorganism Application on Crop Growth,Yield, and Nutrition in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in Different Soil Amendment Systems

A pot experiment was conducted in heat-sterilized soil to evaluate the effect of effective microorganism (EM) application on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. NIAB Mung 98 in different soil amendment systems. Pot soil was amended with farmyard manure (FYM), Trifolium alexanrinum L. crop residues (TCR), and half (½NPK) and recommended dose (NPK) of chemical fertilizers. The EM application significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass in TCR-amended soil. However, grain yield was significantly enhanced in FYM, TCR, and NPK amendments by 24%, 15%, and 84%, respectively, as a result of EM application. Effect of EM application on nutrient uptake was variable with respect to soil amendment and plant growth stage. In general, EM application enhanced plant nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition in organic amendments while its effect was either negative or insignificant in chemical fertilizer amendments. Effects of EM application on plant nutrient uptake were more pronounced at maturity than at flowering stage.     

蚯蚓和发酵牛粪促进南瓜苗修复PAHs污染农田土壤

为了寻求高效修复土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon),在温室盆栽试验条件下,研究接种蚯蚓和施用发酵牛粪对南瓜苗修复3环以上PAHs污染土壤的影响。试验设置施用牛粪(D)、单接蚯蚓(E)、接种蚯蚓和施用牛粪(ED)、不接种蚯蚓和不施用牛粪的对照(CK)共4个处理,播种10周后收获。研究结果表明,接种蚯蚓和施用牛粪的共同作用下能有效提高南瓜苗生物量,有利于南瓜苗在PAHs污染的土壤生长,特别是地上部分的生长;接种蚯蚓或/和施用牛粪有效地提高了南瓜苗从土壤中吸收3～5环PAHs化合物的效率,且南瓜苗地上部吸收的PAHs量最低是地下部的6倍。因此,结合蚯蚓和发酵牛粪的辅助作用,南瓜苗地上部生物量较大,能从土壤中吸收多种PAHs化合物,与仅依赖于土壤自身的作用相比,三者的共同作用使得土壤中3环以上PAHs化合物的去除率提高23%以上,可组合应用于PAHs污染土壤的强化修复。该研究为土壤多环芳烃污染修复提供参考。     

高含固率秸秆和牛粪混合物料发酵产甲烷工艺

该研究针对高含固率纤维质物料难以连续厌氧发酵、甲烷产率低的问题,利用所研制的一套能连续进出料、具有高有机负荷承载力的新型反应器,以玉米秸秆和牛粪为原料,通过调控搅拌强度和投料强度在反应器内建立了"分区发酵"体系,比较了3种高含固率(10%、15%和20%)物料在不同有机负荷下的甲烷容积产率,系统研究了物料含固率、搅拌强度和投料强度对"分区发酵"体系形成功能分区的高度、各功能区的pH值和甲烷容积产率的影响,旨在为纤维质物料产甲烷提供高效的发酵工艺和可靠的运行参数。结果表明,含固率为10%和15%的反应器,甲烷容积产率随有机负荷的增加而增加,平均甲烷体积分数稳定在52%左右,二者在有机负荷分别为13.44和20.17 kg/(m3·d)时,甲烷容积产率最高,分别为1.62和1.66 m3/(m3·d),在有机负荷分别为20.17和30.0 kg/(m3·d)时,甲烷产量明显下降;含固率为20%的反应器,甲烷容积产率随有机负荷的增加基本保持不变且较低(0.98 m3/(m3·d)),当有机负荷达到30.0 kg/(m3·d)时,发酵体系酸败,甲烷产量明显下降。双因素优化结果表明,当物料含固率为10%和15%、搅拌强度为6~12 h/d、投料强度为6.5~10 d时,发酵体系可形成高效的酸化区和产甲烷区,二者的高度之比为1.1~1.6:1,甲烷容积产率可达1.63~1.69 m3/(m3·d)。综上,该反应器可实现含固率为10%~20%的纤维质物料连续进出料,并在含固率为10%和15%时能高效、稳定地产甲烷,通过调控搅拌强度和进料强度能提高其甲烷容积产率。该发酵工艺有规模化应用的前景。