蚯蚓和丛枝菌根真菌对南瓜修复多环芳烃污染土壤的影响

在温室盆栽实验条件下,研究接种AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌、蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)对南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)修复3环以上多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的影响,试验设置单接AM真菌、单接蚯蚓、双接AM真菌和蚯蚓、不接种的对照共4个处理,播种10周后收获。结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓促进AM真菌侵染南瓜,增加南瓜生物量;显著提高南瓜修复土壤中Phe(菲)、An(t蒽)、Py(r芘)、BkF(苯并(k)荧蒽)、BaP(苯并(a)芘)、BPe(r苯并(g,h,i)苝)等PAHs污染物的效率,促进南瓜高效地吸收3~5环PAHs,尤其是AM真菌和蚯蚓共同接种条件下对南瓜修复土壤效果最优;AM真菌利于南瓜转移根系吸收的高浓度PAHs化合物至地上部,降低PAHs对根系的胁迫,增强南瓜在高浓度PAHs污染土壤中存活,有利于南瓜应用于高浓度PAHs污染土壤的高效修复;蚯蚓对南瓜地下部吸持3~5环高分子量的PAHs化合物有积极作用。因此,选用的AM真菌和蚯蚓在土壤中具有协同作用,促进南瓜高效修复PAHs污染土壤。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复初探

在温室盆栽条件下,通过种植紫花苜蓿单独或联合接种菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium L.)(AM)和多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用植物-微生物强化修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。试验结果表明,接种菌根真菌和PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解。经过90天修复试验,种植紫花苜蓿接种AM、DB和DB+AM处理的PAHs的降解率分别为47.9%、49.6%、60.1%,均高于只种植紫花苜蓿的对照处理(CK)(21.7%)。另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率。同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高,这也是种植紫花苜蓿接种微生物能够有效促进土壤PAHs降解的原因。     

几种豆科、禾本科植物对多环芳烃复合污染土壤的修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了几种豆科植物与禾本科植物对多环芳烃(PAHs)复合污染土壤的修复作用。结果显示,90天后8种植物对土壤中PAHs均有不同程度降解效果,其中紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的去除率分别达48.4%、46.8%,且对3环PAHs去除较为彻底,对4环及4环以上的PAHs去除效果较差。8种供试植物对PAHs均有一定的吸收、富集与转运的能力,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的生物富集系数分别为0.096、0.085,其提取修复效率为0.017%和0.013%。可见,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草具有较好的根际修复潜力。     

发酵牛粪对苏丹草根系丛枝菌根（AM）真菌侵染及磷吸收效率的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)条件下添加不同比例发酵牛粪(0.33%、0.50%和1.00%)对苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)根系丛枝菌根(AM)真菌侵染率、土壤孢子密度、植株生物量与根冠比及根系磷(P)吸收效率的影响。结果发现,与对照相比,接种AM真菌处理植株地上部生物量趋于下降、根冠比显著提高(p<0.05),在此基础上添加0.33%或0.50%发酵牛粪处理土壤孢子密度、植株根系生物量和AM真菌侵染率均趋于升高,根冠比没有明显变化,根系P吸收效率显著提高(p<0.05);添加1.00%发酵牛粪显著提高土壤孢子密度、植株生物量和根系AM真菌侵染率(p<0.05),根冠比与仅接种AM真菌处理相同,根系P吸收效率则达到仅接种AM真菌处理的1.83倍。结果表明,添加1.00%发酵牛粪对苏格兰球囊霉扩繁及其宿主植物P吸收均具有突出促进作用。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

本文综述了多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中微生物降解途径、机理及生物反应器的应用,并从植物修复角度,进一步阐述了与微生物联合作用促进污染土壤中PAHs降解的途径、机理及其应用。提出了利用微生物共代谢降解及其与植物联合修复PAHs污染土壤环境的生物修复技术未来研究课题。     

有机黏土对污染土壤中苋菜生理和吸收积累菲、芘的影响

基于有机改性黏土具有廉价、高效吸附多环芳烃(PAHs)等特性,探究了3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷改性蒙脱土(TMSP-SMF)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性蒙脱土(CTAB-SMF)对污染土壤中PAHs的固定效果,并考察了其施用后对土壤理化性质、微生物群落以及植物吸收累积PAHs的影响.结果表明:TMSP-SMF和CTAB-S...     

多环芳烃在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及其进入环境后的行为和归宿,并提出多环芳烃污染土壤的修复对策。     

6 000年以来水稻土剖面中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源初探

研究了多环芳烃(PAHs)在含6000a(马家浜文化时期)古水稻土的土壤剖面中的分布特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析。结果显示,各层土壤中PAHs的总量在25.9~202.9μgkg-1之间,并主要富集在表层土壤,其中含量较高的化合物及其大小顺序为Nap>Phe>Fla>Pyr,4环以上的PAHs占总量的51.8%。表层以下各层土壤中PAHs含量大幅降低,检出种类也有所减少,并主要以2、3环化合物为主,古水稻土中4环以上的芳烃也占有一定的比例,达37%。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,Chr、BkF、BaA、IcP、BbF、Pyr、BaP、DaA和Fla等化合物主要是人为产生,Flu和Phe由生物合成,而Nap、BgP和Ant则可能来源于人为产生和生物合成的共同作用。     

蚯蚓对污染土壤中黑麦草和印度芥菜吸收累积锌的影响

以长江冲积物形成的高沙土为供试土壤,分别加入4个浓度的Zn(100、200、300、400 mg/kg)以模拟Zn污染土壤,设置了接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓的对照处理,并种植黑麦草和印度芥菜,以研究蚯蚓活动对不同植物吸收、累积Zn的影响.结果表明:除低浓度Zn处理外(Zn≤100 mg/kg),蚯蚓活动明显增加了污染土壤的DTPA提取态Zn含量,进而促进植物对Zn的吸收.蚯蚓活动同时提高了印度芥菜和黑麦草地上部和地下部生物量及植株体Zn浓度,促进了植物对土壤Zn的吸收.加入蚯蚓后印度芥菜和黑麦草中Zn总累积量较无蚯蚓对照分别提高了57.8%～131.6%、51.4%～150.5%.两种植物相比,印度芥菜植株Zn浓度明显高于黑麦草,但由于印度芥菜生物量低,不论是否接种蚯蚓,其Zn累积量均低于黑麦草(未加Zn处理除外).黑麦草生长条件要求不高、可多次刈割,因而具有很大的修复中、轻度Zn污染土壤的潜力.     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil amended with biosolid or vermicompost in the presence of earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

Earthworms burrow through the soil thereby accumulating many lipophilic organic pollutants from the surrounding environment, so they could be used to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil. Sterilized and unsterilized soil was contaminated with phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Anth) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), with or without added Eisenia fetida and biosolid or vermicompost. Concentrations of PAHs were monitored in soil and earthworms for 70 days. Removal of PAHs increased in soil with earthworms added as 91% of Anth, 16% BaP and 99% Phen was dissipated compared to 42%, 3% and 95% in unamended soil. The microorganisms in the gut of the earthworm contributed to PAHs removal and 100% of Phen, 63% of Anth and 58% of BaP was removed from sterilized soil with E. fetida added. Biosolid and to lesser extent vermicompost accelerated removal of PAHs from soil. Applying earthworms to a contaminated site might be an environmentally friendly way to remove hydrocarbons from soil. However, a limitation might be the cost of the large amounts of earthworms required to remove PAHs from soil and the necessity to supply them with sufficient substrate while maintaining the water content of the soil high enough for their normal functioning.     

牛粪矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥中堆制物Pb和Cd吸附性能变化

为促进畜粪和矿物资源的生态循环利用和Pb、Cd污染土壤的原位稳定化治理,以寻求具有良好重金属吸附性能的原位稳定化修复材料为目标,该研究以高钙镁系矿物和海泡石添加下牛粪矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥为研究对象,分析堆制物性状变化及其对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附性能差异。结果表明,高钙镁系矿物及海泡石添加下蚯蚓均可较好生长,蚯蚓处理可使堆制物pH值、C/N比和有机质含量降低,而使其阳离子交换量和比表面积提高;高钙镁系矿物和海泡石添加则均可提高堆制物pH值、阳离子交换量和比表面积。傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物中醇或羧酸类物质和芳香类物质增多,而脂类和多糖类物质含量减少,且高钙镁系矿物添加使堆制物含有更多的Me-O基团。X射线衍射分析表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物中含有更多的硅酸盐和可溶性盐;高钙镁系矿物添加则增加了堆制物中的硅酸盐含量及CaO、MgO等组分,而海泡石添加使堆制物中增加了硅酸盐含量及MgO等组分。吸附试验表明,蚯蚓处理后堆制物对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)具有更大吸附量和吸持能力,且以牛粪和高钙镁系矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥中的堆制物对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附效果最好,其吸附率分别为77.8%、59.7%。因此,利用牛粪和高钙镁系矿物混合蚯蚓堆肥生产具有良好Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附性能的堆制物具有一定可行性。     

Earthworms,a means to accelerate removal of hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil? A mini-review

Contamination of soil with hydrocarbons occurs frequently. Restoring contaminated soils is costly and time consuming. Earthworms accelerate the removal of hydrocarbons as they burrow through soil by rendering contaminants available for microbial degradation, by feeding on the organic matter that harbour contaminants, and by improving soil structure and aeration. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recalcitrant hydrocarbons that can contaminate the environment and can thus serve as models to study the factors that control the removal of petroleum from soil. The effect of earthworms on the removal of PAHs was reviewed. It was found that earthworms have the capacity to accelerate the removal of PAHs and their degradation products from soil. However, large numbers of earthworms are required, which might be expensive. Moreover, it may be difficult to provide sufficient organic material as feed while simultaneously maintaining high soil water content to allow burrowing.     

表面活性剂对老化土壤中PAHs的生物有效性的影响

采用聚2,6-二苯基对苯醚(poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide),Tenax-TA)提取和蚯蚓(Eisenia Fetida)富集实验研究曲拉通-100(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚,Triton X-100)、吐温-80(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇油酸酯,Tween-80)和羟丙基-β环糊精(HPCD)表面活性剂对老化农田土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)可提取组分以及生物有效性的影响。结果显示,表面活性剂可以显著增加PAHs的可提取性和在蚯蚓体内的蓄积浓度;和对照相比,增加可提取性42.3%~269%,蚯蚓体内的蓄积量增加10%~340%。研究表明在使用表面活性剂进行土壤修复时老化PAHs类污染物可能重新释放到环境中并带来环境风险。     

蚯蚓活动对金发草修复土壤菲芘污染的强化作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了蚯蚓(Pheretimasp.)对金发草(Pogonatherum paniceum L.)修复菲、芘污染土壤的强化作用。结果显示,在试验浓度范围(20.1~322.1 mg kg-1)内,蚯蚓活动促进了菲、芘污染土壤中金发草的生长,其根冠比明显增大。添加蚯蚓70d后,种植金发草的土壤中菲、芘的平均去除率高达77.0%、70.6%,平均去除率分别较无蚯蚓作用时(68.7%、61.2%)增长了8.3%、9.5%;相同污染水平下,蚯蚓活动对芘的强化去除程度总是大于菲。各修复因子中,植物-微生物交互作用对菲、芘去除的平均贡献率(46.6%、42.8%)最为突出,分别较无蚯蚓活动时(41.6%、36.6%)增长了5.0%、6.1%。说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤-植物系统对土壤中菲、芘污染的去除作用。     

Quantifying dung carbon incorporation by earthworms in pasture soils

The effect of different earthworm functional groups on the incorporation of maize (C4 plant) dung into a soil (C3 organic matter background) sown with ryegrass (C3 plant) was explored by using differences in the carbon (C) isotope ratios (¹²C and ¹³C) between plant and soil samples in a field mesocosm study. The abundance of earthworms increased with dung inputs, reaching over 4000 earthworms per m², presumably because of the increased food resources used. The amount of dung C incorporated into the soil profile in the presence of earthworms was dependent on the amount of organic matter deposited on the soil surface (925–4620 g C m^?2) and reached rates of 1200 g C m^?2 annually in the treatment receiving repeat dung applications. Dung incorporation was largely concentrated in the surface 0–75 mm, although small amounts of dung‐derived C were observed to a depth of 300 mm. This was especially so in the presence of anecic earthworms, equating to an extra 70 g C m^?2 annually for the 150–300 mm depth increment. It is important to note, in calculating C incorporation rates from earthworms, that only 10–20% of the soil surface in grazed pastures is covered by dung. After 444 days, less than 32% of the applied dung was detected within the upper 300 mm of the soil profile. This study emphasized the need for all three earthworm functional groups to be present within the soil in order to maximize the amount of surface dung that could be incorporated into soil organic matter.     

The influence of livestock dung on the abundance of exotic and native earthworms in a grassland in south-eastern Australia

It is well known that organic matter in the form of dung is utilised as a food source by some earthworms, but little has been reported on the preferences of earthworms for different types of dung in agricultural settings. An experiment was carried out in spring in south-eastern Australia to evaluate the effect that dung from different livestock has on the abundance of earthworms in a grassland environment. We were particularly interested to compare the responses of native Australian earthworms (Megascolecidae) with those of exotic earthworms (Lumbricidae and Acanthodrilidae). The attractiveness of dung from sheep, cattle and horses was measured by determining the abundance and biomass of the resident earthworm species under each dung type at varying times after adding the dung to the soil surface (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The earthworm population consisted of three exotic species, Apporrectodea trapezoides, Microscolex dubius and M. phosphoreus, and two native species, Spenceriella macleayi and S. bywongensis. Both the number of days that the dung was available to earthworms and the type of dung influenced the numbers and biomass of the earthworms found beneath the dung pats. Significant interactions existed between time and dung type when all adult earthworms were considered as one group and also when adults were split into individual species. The various species responded differently to the dung, but horse dung was generally the more preferred dung type. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the management of dung in an Australian pastoral context.     

蚯蚓对农村有机生活垃圾分解处理的研究

本文以农村有机生活垃圾为研究对象,根据蚯蚓的生活习性设计了4个不同组分的试验基质,这些基质的主要成分为厨余垃圾,辅料为猪粪、牛粪和土壤。本试验引进＂大平二号＂赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）在室内进行盆养试验,同时以未放养蚯蚓处理的试验基质作为对照,培养周期为5周。研究表明,蚯蚓分解新鲜有机生活垃圾的效果最好,其生物降解率达到75.688%,该试样中蚯蚓日增重倍数和日增值倍数也最大。经蚯蚓处理后的各基质肥效都有所增加,试验样基质中有机碳、氮磷含量相对于对照样都有所升高,试验样中碱解氮含量是对照样的3倍左右。新鲜有机生活垃圾基质C/N比最大,其速效磷含量也为最大值。同时,蚯蚓还对各基质的重金属有富集作用,其富集效果都在48%左右。各组之间的试验结果大多存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。     

不同覆盖材料对龙眼园生态环境及产量和品质的影响

试验研究了不同的树盘覆盖材料对龙眼园的土壤温度、湿度及速效养分和pH值、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖牛粪并养蚯蚓处理和秸秆覆盖处理土壤含水量显著高于其它处理;在温度较高的10月份覆盖生草处理的土壤表层温度较低;在温度较低12月份,秸秆覆盖和覆盖牛粪并养蚯蚓处理的土壤表层温度较高;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理和秸秆覆盖处理显著提高了土壤速效养分含量;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理能显著提高酸性赤红壤的pH值;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理也显著提高了龙眼产量和品质。从综合效应看,龙眼园树盘覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理显著好于其他覆盖处理。