不同施磷水平下 AM 真菌发育及其对玉米氮磷吸收的影响

【目的】不同丛枝菌根 (abuscular mycorrhizal,AM) 真菌菌种 (株) 因其分离地点及宿主的不同,其生理发育与生态功能差异显著,尤其是土壤养分状况对其影响更明显。研究不同土壤磷水平对 AM 真菌侵染宿主及生长发育繁殖的影响,以及不同 AM 真菌对玉米生长及氮磷吸收的影响,可以深化了解 AM 真菌与土壤磷的关系。 【方法】采用盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,土壤灭菌后分别添加 0、50、200、500 mg/kg 4 个水平的磷营养 (P0、P50、P200、P500),并分别接种 6 种 AM 真菌,以不接种为对照。测定了 AM 真菌侵染率、丛枝丰度、孢子数、菌丝密度、玉米植株氮磷比 (N/P) 生态化学计量特征,讨论了不同土壤磷水平与 AM 真菌生长发育间的关系,以及 AM 真菌对玉米吸收利用氮、磷的影响。 【结果】在 P50 条件下,AM 真菌的侵染率、根内丛枝结构、根外生物量 (孢子数、菌丝密度) 显著高于不加磷 P0 和 P200 和 P500 处理,而且 AM 真菌侵染及生长发育指标在高磷水平时,显著下降。不同磷水平处理下,不同 AM 真菌对玉米的侵染能力及生物量存在明显差异。在 P0 和 P50 条件下,接种 G.m 处理侵染率达到 75%,菌丝密度达 240 m/g,显著高于其他五个 AM 真菌。AM 真菌 C.c、R.a、C.et 的菌根侵染状况及生物量次之,D.s、D.eb 最差。在高磷 P200 和 P500 条件下,仅有 F.m 真菌处理的侵染状况及生物量最高。在 P0、P50 水平下,接种 F.m、R.a、D.eb 显著降低了植株氮含量;在不加磷 (P0) 水平下,接种处理均显著促进了玉米植株中磷含量的提高,在 P50 水平下,F.m 植株磷含量显著高于不接种对照;在 P0、P50、P200 水平下,接种 AM 真菌处理降低了玉米植株中 N/P 比,且不同菌种间存在差异,接种真菌 F.m 处理的 N/P 比明显最低。 【结论】土壤添加低量磷 (50 mg/kg) 更适合 AM 真菌的侵染及生长发育,也利于菌根效应的发挥。侵染能力及效应以耐高磷菌种 F.m 最好,然后依次为 C.c、R.a、C.et。在适量磷条件下,接种 AM 真菌能够调节植株体 N/P 比达到平衡,改善植物营养状况,促进玉米生长。     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对土壤中阿特拉津降解的影响

于盆栽高粱(Sorghum,龙杂一号)条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)降解土壤中阿特拉津的效用。结果表明,阿特拉津(浓度为50 mg/kg)污染土壤中,供试AM真菌都能够侵染高粱根系形成菌根,而且GM比GI侵染效果好,最高侵染率可达到90.5%,显著提高了植株的生物量。接种AM真菌后土壤中阿特拉津的残留浓度显著低于不接种对照处理,并且接种GM比GI对阿特拉津的降解效果显著。接种GM处理的土壤中阿特拉津最高降解率达到了91.6%,其中菌根效应占22.6%。接种AM真菌的宿主植物根际土壤中微生物数量多于不接种处理,且GM优于GI处理,说明AM真菌能促进根际微生物的繁殖。此外,接种AM真菌后能显著增加土壤中脲酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著。认为GM是一株比较理想的修复阿特拉津污染土壤的AM真菌。     

丛枝菌根真菌对西藏高原固沙植物吸磷效率的影响

采用盆栽方法,就外源菌种、土著菌种(含混合菌种)对固沙植物白草(Pennisetum.flaccidum)生长和吸磷效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,白草具有较高的菌根依赖性(平均达166.4%);不同AM真菌(或真菌组合)对白草根系均具显著的侵染效应。随菌根侵染率的提高,植株生物量、吸磷量均呈显著增加(相关系数分别为0.7465*、0.6000*);菌根菌丝对白草吸收土壤磷素的贡献十分明显,各接种处理菌根菌丝对植物吸收土壤磷素的贡献量、贡献率分别在3.2～11.6.mg/pot和61.5%～85.3%之间;接种菌根处理植株吸磷量呈Glomus.intraradicesG.mosseae+G.etunicatum+G.intraradices+Scutellospora.erythropaG.mosseae(外源菌种)G.mosseae+G.intraradices+Scutellospora.calosporaG.mosseae-I(土著菌种)G.etunicatum的趋势。此外,不同AM真菌对寄主植物地上部、根部生物量和吸磷量的影响程度明显不同,一般呈地上部根系的趋势,但寄主植物根系的生长速率相对较快;土著菌种中,多菌混合接种对寄主植物的侵染效应明显高于单一接种。     

丛枝菌根真菌与根瘤菌接种对大豆根瘤分布及磷素吸收的影响

在温室条件下,采用石英砂盆栽试验研究了大豆(冀豆6号)接种丛枝菌根真菌（Glomous mosseae）与根瘤菌 （Bradyrhizobium japonicum）对根瘤的形成、分布以及磷素吸收效率的影响。结果表明,大豆生长至开花期（接种后56 d）,与单接种根瘤菌处理相比,双接种AM真菌和根瘤菌显著增加大豆生物量、氮、磷含量、根系上的总根瘤数。单接种根瘤菌条件下,总根瘤数的48.4%分布在主根上,51.6%分布在侧根上;根瘤菌与AM真菌双接种时,总根瘤数的32.5%分布在主根上,67.5%分布在侧根上。双接种处理的侧根根瘤的固氮酶活性显著高于单接种处理的。双接种条件下大豆侧根中AMF侵染增强,尤其是结根瘤侧根上的AM真菌的侵染率高于未结瘤的侧根的菌根侵染率。接种后28 d单接种菌根真菌处理显著高于双接种处理的植株磷的吸收效率;而56 d 时趋势相反。以上结果表明,AM真菌侵染改变根瘤在大豆根系上的分布,根瘤数量、分布与结根瘤侧根上AM真菌的侵染强度存在正相关关系。     

接种AM真菌对采煤沉陷区文冠果生长及土壤特性的影响

煤炭井工开采往往造成地表塌陷,导致了土壤养分贫瘠和水分缺乏,土壤沙化和水土流失,从而限制了当地矿区植被生长,而丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AM真菌)对植被生长有促进作用。以文冠果为宿主植物,采用野外原位监测和室内分析方法,研究了未接种和接种丛枝菌根真菌对采煤沉陷区复垦植物文冠果生长和土壤特性的影响。结果表明:与未接种AM真菌处理相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了文冠果根系菌根侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,7月接种AM真菌文冠果的株高、冠幅和地径提高了31.89%,23.07%,9.89%。同时,9月接种AM真菌处理的根际土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量分别比对照组增加0.29g/kg、13.0mg/kg和1.4g/kg,接种AM真菌显著提高了根际土壤的含水率、总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素,而速效磷和速效钾的含量显著降低。相关分析结果表明,菌根侵染率、土壤根外菌丝密度与根际土壤理化性质之间存在协同反馈效应。因此,接种AM真菌促进了采煤沉陷区复垦植被文冠果的生长和土壤的改良,这对矿区水土保持、维持生态系统稳定性和持续性具有重要意义。     

不同种植密度下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米磷吸收的影响

【目的】利用土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM真菌)与作物形成互惠互利的共生关系提高作物对土壤磷的利用效率是解决农业生产中磷供需矛盾的主要途径之一,本研究在大田玉米不同种植密度条件下,研究AM真菌对玉米根系的侵染及磷吸收作用,为揭示集约化玉米高效获取磷的机理提供理论依据。【方法】以大田作物玉米的两种种植密度(5104 plants/hm2和9104 plants/hm2)体系为研究对象,在田间原位埋设PVC管装置,通过测定菌丝生长室中的菌丝密度和有效磷耗竭来确定不同种植密度体系条件下AM真菌对玉米磷吸收的作用。【结果】相对于低密度种植群体,高密度群体显著降低了玉米拔节期土壤有效磷的耗竭量,同时增加了玉米地上部的磷含量,即磷吸收效率,增幅达20%; 在玉米拔节期,增加种植密度使根际的根外菌丝生物量(菌丝密度)降低了4%,而非根际土壤中的根外菌丝生物量(菌丝密度)增加了37%; 高密度玉米种植密度群体中AM真菌的根外菌丝对土壤有效磷耗竭的贡献增加了22%。【结论】集约化玉米生产中土著AM真菌依然帮助植株从土壤中吸收有效磷; 高密度体系下玉米对磷的吸收更加依赖于AM真菌。高密度种植增加AM真菌对玉米的侵染、 根外菌丝量和对土壤有效磷的吸收。     

黑土农田施加AM菌剂对大豆根际菌群结构的影响

为揭示在黑土农田条件下施加丛枝菌根(AM)菌剂对作物根际微生物群落的影响,试验以大豆为研究对象,田间播种时分别施加根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)两种AM菌剂,以单施化肥处理(F)和不施加AM菌剂及化肥处理(CK)作为对照,采用传统与现代分子生物学手段,研究大豆根际土壤中菌群结构及根系内AM真菌多样性。结果表明:GI、GM处理的大豆菌根侵染率最高达到78.3%和86.6%;GI、GM、F处理的大豆根际土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌三大菌群的数量与CK处理相比显著提高(p0.05)。分离大豆结荚期根际土壤中AM真菌孢子,共获得Acaulospora属真菌3种,Glomus属真菌7种,孢子密度均较低,G.intraradices和G.mosseae均为各自处理的优势种群。对大豆结荚期根系和根际土壤PCR-DGGE图谱条带的丰度及优势条带测序分析,结果表明根际土壤中的AM真菌菌群数明显高于根系中AM真菌的菌群数量,GI处理的大豆根际土壤中AM真菌丰度值最大,GM处理大豆根系里的AM真菌丰度值最大,F处理的根际土壤中总AM真菌的数量最少;施加AM菌剂处理的大豆根系及根际土壤中的优势菌群分别为外源施加的两种AM真菌。     

丛枝菌根真菌对金叶六道木镉吸收及根际真菌群落结构的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对促进绿化苗木镉(Cd)吸收的影响,通过盆栽试验比较接种不同AM真菌对12种绿化苗木Cd吸收的差异,并进一步分析接种对金叶六道木根际微生物数量和AM真菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,12种绿化苗木,加Cd处理6个月后,其叶片浓度的变化范围为0.25~2.59 mg·kg^-1。接种AM真菌处理组的叶片Cd含量均高于不接菌处理组。相比未接种,接种AM2摩西球囊霉(BGCAM00164)后金叶六道木叶片中Cd含量增加147.9%,故选择金叶六道木进行后续研究。接种AM212个月后,金叶六道木的根、枝、叶Cd浓度分别为164.7、22.86和10.57 mg·kg^-1,为不接菌处理的2.64倍、2.06倍和1.76倍,全株总Cd含量达5078μg·株^-1,显著高于不接菌对照(1745μg·株-1)。相比不接菌对照,接种AM2后降低了转移系数,将其更多吸收的Cd固定在根内,从而减少对植株的损害。接种AM真菌增加了AM真菌PLFA生物量,但降低了根际土壤微生物细菌和真菌PLFA生物量。所有样本中丰度较高的AM真菌为球囊霉科(Glomus)、类球囊霉科(Paraglomus)和原囊霉科(Archaeospora)。球囊霉科占总AM真菌的55%以上,是金叶六道木根际的主要优势种群。接种AM2后球囊霉丰度显著增加,由对照的61.8%上升至77.4%,但AM真菌的整体多样性和丰富度则表现为下降。接种AM1后类球囊霉科丰度显著增加,由对照的13.1%上升至17.8%,但球囊霉丰度无显著变化。主成分分析结果表明Cd和AM真菌接种可以改变金叶六道木根际AM真菌群落结构。总体而言,接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉)能提高金叶六道木对土壤重金属Cd污染的修复效率,其联合修复技术可扩展Cd污染土壤植物修复的应用范围。     

铅锌矿区分离丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊生长与吸镉的影响

盆栽试验研究了土壤不同施Cd水平(0、20、50 mg kg-1)下,接种矿区污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊根系侵染率、植株生物量及Cd吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌显著提高了Cd胁迫下万寿菊的根系侵染率和植株生物量;随着施Cd水平提高,各处理植株Cd浓度和Cd吸收量显著增加。各施Cd水平下万寿菊地上部Cd吸收量远远高于根系Cd吸收量,尤其在20 mg kg-1施Cd水平下,接种处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的3.90倍,对照处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的2.33倍;同一施Cd水平下接种处理地上部Cd吸收量要显著高于对照。总体上,试验条件下污染土壤中分离的丛枝菌根真菌促进了万寿菊对土壤中Cd的吸收,并增加了Cd向地上部分的运转,表现出植物提取的应用潜力。     

接种根内球囊霉提高氮素向甘薯块根转移和再分配的机理

【目的】研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM) 对甘薯 (Ipomoea batatas L.) 的侵染率及叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响,探索甘薯氮素吸收后在植株体内的转移和分配规律,以期为全面了解菌根真菌促进氮代谢的过程提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,供试菌种为一种根内球囊霉Glomus intraradices BEG141。土壤灭菌后,以不接种菌根 (–AM) 为对照,在8 kg土中接种100 g菌剂 (+AM)。于甘薯幼苗移栽后30天、60天和90天,从甘薯茎蔓顶部往下数第5片完全展开叶的叶柄与茎蔓交叉处定量注射99% (15NH₄)₂SO₄溶液,15N总施用量为199.5 μg/plant。每次注射后三天取植株样,分为茎、叶、纤维根和块根4部分,测定生物量干重、根系菌根侵染率、15N丰度、氮代谢酶活性。【结果】接种AM处理显著增加了甘薯根部真菌侵染率及泡囊丰度、根内菌丝丰度和丛枝丰度。随着移栽天数的增加,侵染率显著增加,最高达到67%。移栽后30天接种和不接种菌根真菌处理间甘薯生物量和氮素吸收量差异不显著,移栽后60天和90天,接种AM真菌处理的甘薯生物量和氮素吸收量显著高于不接种AM处理 (P < 0.05)。与CK相比,同一生育期接种AM处理显著提高了甘薯叶片谷氨酸脱氢酶 (GDH)、谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 和谷氨酸合成酶 (GOGAT) 的活性,对硝酸还原酶 (NR) 活性无显著影响。双因素分析表明,接种菌根与接种后时间对提高甘薯生物量干重、氮素累积量及GDH和GS活性的正交互效应显著 (P < 0.05)。移栽后30天,接种AM处理显著提高了甘薯茎蔓和叶片15N积累量和分配率;移栽后60天,叶片中15N积累量较前一时期显著增加。接种AM处理的叶片和茎蔓中15N积累量在30 d和60 d显著高于不接种AM处理 (P < 0.05),而在移栽后90天显著低于不接种AM处理,说明接种AM处理显著促进15N向块根的转移和分配。【结论】接种AM真菌可提高GDH、GS和GOGAT的代谢活性,促进无机氮向有机氮的转化。接种AM菌剂可促进生育前期氮素在叶片中的分配,有利于地上部的生长,而后期促进地上部积累氮素向地下部转运,进而增加甘薯块根中的干物质积累,提高甘薯的经济产量。     

低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理

  【目的】  磷极易被土壤吸附和固定,导致土壤中磷有效性较低。研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) 和低磷处理两者交互对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收的影响,为提高碱性土壤中磷肥利用率提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄绵土和紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa) 为试验材料进行盆栽试验。在施磷0、5、20 mg/kg (P0、P5、P20) 3个水平下,分别设接种和不接种丛枝菌根 Glomus mosseae BGC YN02 (+AMF、–AMF) 处理。植物生长120天后测定植株生物量、磷吸收量、AMF侵染率以及根际和非根际土壤的pH、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、土壤有效磷含量、土壤微生物生物量磷,分析根际有机酸的组成与含量。  【结果】  +AMF处理中植物根系被AMF侵染,且施磷水平对侵染率没有显著影响;施磷和+AMF处理显著提高了植株地上部、地下部生物量以及磷含量,其中P20+AMF处理生物量和磷含量最高;根际有机酸总量随施磷水平上升而显著降低,但+AMF处理有机酸总量高于–AMF处理,其中柠檬酸和乙酸含量的变化较为明显;施磷和+AMF显著降低土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,增加土壤有效磷含量和微生物生物量磷,且低磷环境 (P0、P5) 下根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物生物量磷均显著高于非根际土;P20处理显著降低磷利用效率和磷肥利用率,+AMF处理显著提高磷肥利用率。  【结论】  碱性土壤 (黄绵土) 中,AMF和紫花苜蓿根系能建立较好的共生关系,低施磷水平 (施磷量 ≤ 20 mg/kg) 对AMF侵染率没有显著影响。施磷和接种AMF均可以显著促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收。低磷环境下,接种AMF可以扩大植物根系吸收范围,同时增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,促进根系分泌有机酸,特别是乙酸和柠檬酸,从而提高磷肥利用率。     

Changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal traits and community structure with respect to soil salinity in a coastal reclamation land

A comprehensive knowledge on the relationship between soil salinity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is vital for a deeper understanding of ecosystem functioning under salt stress conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soil salinity on AMF root colonization, spore count, glomalin related soil protein (GRSP) and community structure in Saemangeum reclaimed land, South Korea. Soil samples were collected and grouped into five distinct salt classes based on the electrical conductivity of soil saturation extracts (EC_se). Mycorrhizal root colonization, spore count and GRSP were measured under different salinity levels. AMF community structure was studied through three complementary methods; spore morphology, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results revealed that root colonization (P < 0.01), spore count (P < 0.01) and GRSP (P < 0.01) were affected negatively by soil salinity. Spore morphology and T-RFLP data showed predominance of AMF genus Glomus in Saemangeum reclaimed land. T-RFLP and DGGE analysis revealed significant changes in diversity indices between non (EC_se < 2 dS/m) and extremely (EC_se > 16 dS/m) saline soil and confirmed dominance of Glomus caledonium only in soils with EC_se < 8 dS/m. However, ribotypes of Glomus mosseae and Glomus proliferum were ubiquitous in all salt classes. Combining spore morphology, T-RFLP and DGGE analysis, we could show a pronounced effect in AMF community across salt classes. The result of this study improve our understanding on AMF activity and dominant species present in different salt classes and will substantially expand our knowledge on AMF diversity in reclaimed lands.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus enhances crop yield and P-uptake of maize (Zea mays L.): A field case study on a sandy loam soil as affected by long-term P-deficiency fertilization

The P efficiency, crop yield, and response of maize to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus caledonium were tested in an experimental field with long-term (18-year) fertilizer management. The experiment included five fertilizer treatments: organic amendment (OA), half organic amendment plus half mineral fertilizer (1/2 OM), mineral fertilizer NPK, mineral fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). AMF inoculation responsiveness (MIRs) of plant growth and P-uptake of maize were estimated by comparing plants grown in unsterilized soil inoculated with G. caledonium and in untreated soil containing indigenous AMF. Soil total P, available P, microbial biomass P, alkaline phosphatase activity, plant biomass, crop yield and total P-uptake of maize were all significantly increased (P < 0.05) by the application of OA, 1/2 OM, and NPK, but not by the application of NK. Specifically, the individual crop yield of maize approached zero in the NK-fertilized soils, as well as in the control soils. All maize plants were colonized by indigenous AMF, and the root colonization at harvest time was not significantly influenced by fertilization. G. caledonium inoculation increased mycorrhizal colonization significantly (P < 0.05) only with the NK treatment, and produced low but demiurgic crop yield in the control and NK-fertilized soils. Compared to the inoculation in balanced-fertilized soils, G. caledonium inoculation in either the NK-fertilized soils or the control soils had significantly greater (P < 0.05) impacts on soil alkaline phosphatase activity, stem length, plant biomass, and total P-uptake of maize, indicating that AMF inoculation was likely more efficient in extremely P-limited soils. These results also showed that balanced mineral fertilizers and organic amendments did not differ significantly in their effects on MIRs in these soils.     

大棚土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌增强黄瓜枯萎病抑制水平

A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and fruit yields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on a greenhouse soil with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum under unsterilized conditions. Two AMF inocula were tested: only one AMF strain Glomus caledonium 90036 and an AMF consortium mainly consisting of Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp. There were four treatments including no inoculation (control), inoculation with F. oxysporum but without mycorrhizae (FO), inoculation with F. oxysporum and G. caledonium (FO+M1), and inoculation with F. oxysporum and the AMF consortium (FO+M2). Cucumber plants were harvested at weeks 3 and 9 after transplanting. Compared with the control, the FO treatment without AMF inoculation had less biomass both at weeks 3 and 9 (P < 0.05) and had higher incidence of Fusarium wilt and produced no cucumber fruit at week 9. Both FO+M1 and FO+M2 treatments had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the treatments which received no AMF inoculation at week 3 (P < 0.05), but only the FO+M2 treatment elevated plant biomass, decreased the incidence of Fusarium wilt, and improved cucumber yields to the same level as the control at week 9. The results indicated that the AMF consortium could suppress Fusarium wilt of cucumber and, therefore, showed potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse agroecosystems.     

Response of a wild-type and modern cowpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in sterilized and non-sterilized soil

Cowpea is an important crop that serves as a legume and vegetable source to many smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Soil fertility is a significant limitation to its production thus; inoculation with beneficial soil biota such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could improve its performance. However, plant–AMF interaction could vary based on crop cultivar hence affecting overall crop production. The present study aimed at determining the effect of AMF inoculation and soil sterilization on root colonization and growth of a wild-type and three modern cowpea cultivars grown by smallholder farmers in Kenya. Potted cowpea plants were inoculated with a commercial AMF inoculum comprising of Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus etunicatum and maintained in a greenhouse for 40 days. After harvesting, mycorrhizal colonization, nodule number and dry weight, root and shoot dry weights, nitrogen (N,) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content were determined. Interestingly, the modern cultivars showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher root colonization, nodulation, shoot P and N compared to the wild-type cultivar. Moreover, a strong positive correlation between AMF root colonization and shoot P (r² = 0.73, 0.90, p < 0.001), AMF root colonization and shoot N (r² = 0.78; 0.89, p < 0.001) was observed in both sterilized and non-sterilized soil, respectively. Soil sterilization affected root colonization and growth parameters with plants grown in non-sterilized soil performing better than those grown in sterilized soil. This study provides major evidence that modern cowpea cultivars are still responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation suggesting that modern breeding programs are not deleterious AMF symbiosis.     

The influence of use of different rates of mycorrhizal inoculum on root infection,plant growth,and phosphorus uptake

Abstract

Sorghum and leek plants were used as hosts in order to test the effectiveness and infectiveness of four mycorrhizal species on spore production, plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. When sorghum was used as a test plant, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Glomus caledonium, respectively, gave the highest number of spores, while on leek, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. caledonium, respectively, resulted in higher spore production. Glomus intraradices produced the least amount of inoculum among the four species. Based on relative spore production and root infection, G. mosseae and G. etunicatum were determined to be the two best fungi as sources of inoculum for further use in the experiment. It is very important to know the minimum amount of inoculum in order to reach the maximum percentage of infection. Thus different amounts of inoculum were applied to determine optimum rates of inoculation. Sorghum and leek plants were infected with 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g G. mosseae and G. etunicatum of mycorrhizal inoculum per pot in a low P content and natural soil. As the inoculum rate increased, plant parameters and the percent of infection gradually increased with increasing rate to 18 g. Higher inoculum rates did not stimulate growth on infection percentage.     

丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)对铜污染土壤生物修复机理初探

利用盆栽试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus.caledonium)在不同程度铜污染土壤上对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,即使在土壤施铜量达150mg/kg时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近55%的侵染率;接种菌根真菌,能显著促进玉米根系的生长。菌根玉米的根系生物量和根系长度,平均较未接种处理分别提高108.4%和58.8%;接种处理的植株地上部生物量达到每盆(3株)10.58g,显著高于不施铜的非菌根玉米。这些结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌对铜污染具有较好的抗性;并且由于菌根的形成,使宿主植物明显地改善了对磷的吸收和运输,并能通过抑制土壤酸化、降低土壤可溶态铜的浓度等机制,增强宿主植物对铜污染的抗(耐)性。在150mg/kg施铜水平时,与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米地上部和根系铜浓度分别降低24.3%和24.1%,吸铜量分别提高了28.2%和60.0%,表明菌根植物对铜污染土壤具有一定的生物修复作用。     

红壤中丛枝菌根真菌对污泥态铜生物有效性的影响

以玉米为宿主植物 ,研究了不同污泥量 (0、1 %、4% )施入红壤后接种丛枝菌根真菌Acaulosporalaevis、Glomuscaledonium和Glomusmanihotis对菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米生长和铜生物有效性的影响。结果表明 ,施用 1 %的污泥可增加接种A laevis的菌根侵染率和孢子密度 ,其玉米地上部和地下部生物量也有显著增加 ,而不接种 (含土著菌根真菌 )、接种G caledonium和G manihotis的菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米地上部和地下部生物量却有显著下降 (p<0 0 5 )。施用 1 %的污泥时接种A laevis降低了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,而接种G caledonium和G manihotis却增加了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,另外 ,接种处理增加玉米根部对铜的吸收总量。不同的菌根真菌对重金属的耐受力是不同的 ,只有施入一定的污泥量即在一定污染程度下才能发挥菌根真菌A laevis对污染土壤的修复作用     

丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊生长、吸镉及生理特性的影响

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including Glomus intraradices, Glomus constrictum and Glomus mosseae, on the growth, root colonization and Cd accumulation of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) at Cd addition levels of 0, 5 and 50 mg kg-1 in soil. The physiological characteristics, such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity, of Tagetes erecta L. were also investigated. The symbiotic relationship between the marigold plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was well established under Cd stress. The symbiotic relationship was reffected by the better physiobiochemical parameters of the marigold plants inoculated with the three AMF isolates where the colonization rates in the roots were between 34.3% and 88.8%. Compared with the non-inoculated marigold plants, the shoot and root biomass of the inoculated marigold plants increased by 15.2%- 47.5% and 47.8%-130.1%, respectively, and the Cd concentration and accumulation decreased. The chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents in the mycorrhizal marigold plants increased with Cd addition, indicating that AMF inoculation helped the marigold plants to grow by resisting Cd stress. The antioxidant enzymes reacted differently with the three AMF under Cd stress. For plants inoculated with G. constrictum and G. mosseae, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased with increasing Cd addition, but peroxidase (POD) activity decreased with increasing Cd addition. For plants inoculated with G. intraradices, three of the antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased at high levels of Cd addition. Overall, the activities of the three antioxidant enzymes in the plants inoculated with AMF were higher than those of the plants without AMF inoculation under Cd stress. Our results support the view that antioxidant enzymes have a great influence on the biomass of plants, and AMF can improve the capability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and reduce Cd concentration in plants to alleviate Tagetes erecta L. from Cd stress.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Contribute to Resistance of Upland Rice to Combined Metal Contamination of Soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate heavy metal [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)] uptake by two upland rice cultivars, ‘91B3’ and ‘277’, grown in a sterilized field soil contaminated by a mixture of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Rice plants were inoculated with each of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus versiforme (GV), Glomus mosseae (GM), and Glomus diaphanum (GD), or remained noninoculated (NM). Both rice cultivars could be colonized by the three AMF used in this experiment. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization by the three AMFs on the two rice cultivars ranged from 30% to 70%. Mycorrhizal colonization of both upland rice cultivars had a large influence on plant growth by increasing the shoot and root biomass compared with non-inoculated (NM) plants. The results indicate that mycorrhiza exert some protective effects against the combined toxicity of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the contaminated soil. This conclusion is supported by the partitioning of heavy metals (HMs) in the two cultivars. In the two cultivars, colonization by AMF reduced the translocation of HMs from root to shoot (except that the colonization of AMF increased the Cu translocation of HMs in cultivar ‘277’). Immobilization of the HMs in roots can alleviate the potential toxicity to shoots induced by the mixture of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. The two rice cultivars showed significant differences in uptake of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd when uninoculated. GM inoculation gave the most protective effects on the two cultivars under the combined soil contamination.