沼渣与畜禽粪便混合堆肥发酵效果的综合评价

采用正交试验设计方法实施了4组不同物料配比（以干质量计）沼渣与畜禽粪便混合物料堆肥试验,并采用模糊综合评价、灰色关联分析和属性识别法对其发酵效果进行了评价,为沼渣的肥料化利用提供参考。结果表明：T3（沼渣∶猪粪∶鸡粪=5.85∶8.49∶8.19）升温速率最快、高温维持时间最长,所达温度最高,T2（5.85∶7.425∶6.825）次之,T1（7.02∶7.425∶8.19）、T4（7.02∶8.49∶6.825）最差;从pH值、有机质、C/N、NH4＋-N、NH4＋-N/NO3－-N和总养分等化学指标看,T2、T3发酵效果优于T1、T4;堆肥结束后,T1、T2、T3、T4粪大肠菌值分别为1、10-1、10-2、1,发芽指数GI分别为96.72%、103.35%、98.42%、85.13%。上述3种评价方法对T1、T2、T3发酵效果评价一致：较好腐熟,但对T4评价结果分别为较好、基本和极未腐熟。综上所述,由单一指标或单一评价方法评判堆肥腐熟度有局限性。对堆肥发酵效果的评价应综合考虑物理、化学和生物学指标,对比3种评价方法原理,灰色关联分析法是评价堆肥发酵效果的较优方法。     

桉树人工林林下间作绿肥对土壤的改良效应研究

针对桉树人工林地力衰退问题,通过在桉树人工林下间作绿肥作物,对绿肥作物间作后土壤理化性状进行测定,并与对照地（杂草地）土壤和桉树1．3m树行间土壤比较,结果表明：桉树人工林下间作柱花草后,土壤容重比对照降低3．411％,毛管含水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度分别比对照提高4．485％、1．984％、7．675％,非毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度／毛管孔隙度比值分别比对照降低5．788％、0．245％,土壤pH、有机质、速效P、速效K、全N、全P、全K含量分别比对照提高了4．025％、32．051％、9．539％、46．296％、42．315％、29．567％、50．615％,土壤理化性状得到有效改良。     

有机肥对毛竹林间及根区土壤生物化学性质的影响

为研究施肥对毛竹根区土壤生物化学性质的影响 ,在浙江省临安市牧家桥毛竹林中布置了施肥试验。研究结果表明 :施有机肥显著增加了毛竹林间土壤和竹蔸根区土壤的细菌和真菌数量 ,全有机肥 (菜籽饼 1 50 0kg·hm- 2 )和 1 / 2有机肥 (菜籽饼 750kg·hm- 2 硫酸铵1 68 8kg·hm- 2 过磷酸钙 97 5kg·hm- 2 氯化钾 1 6 2kg·hm- 2 )处理林间土壤细菌数分别是对照区的 2 2 0倍和 1 72倍 ;竹蔸根区分别是对照区的 1 91倍和 1 60倍。全有机肥和 1 / 2有机肥处理林间土壤真菌数分别是对照区的 1 98倍和 1 62倍 ;竹蔸根区分别是对照区的2 47倍和 1 89倍。有机肥对毛竹林间和竹蔸根区土壤放线菌数量无明显影响。有机肥显著提高了毛竹林间和竹蔸根区土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性。全有机肥和1 / 2有机肥林间土壤各类酶活性依次是对照区的 1 2 4倍、 1 72倍、 1 82倍、 1 55倍和 1 0 7倍、 1 40倍、 1 53倍、 1 2 1倍 ;竹蔸根区土壤各类酶活性分别是对照区的 1 75倍、 2 1 0倍、 2 42倍、 1 61倍和 1 46倍、 1 67倍、 1 92倍、 1 0 7倍。有机肥对毛竹土壤的蔗糖酶活性无明显影响。化肥可提高毛竹竹蔸根区脲酶和蛋白酶活性 ,但化肥对林间土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性无明显影     

Nitrate leaching loss following application of organic manures to sandy soils in arable cropping.

Abstract. Experiments were set up at two sites to measure nitrogen (N) leaching loss from applications of separated pig/cattle slurry and cattle farmyard manure(FYM), during winters 1990/91–1993/94 (site A) and from broiler litter and FYM, during winters 1990/91–1992/93 (site B). The manures were applied at a target rate of 200 kg ha^-1 total N during the autumn and winter to overwinter fallow or top dressed onto winter rye. The total N in leachate was calculated from leachate N concentrations, in samples collected using ceramic cups buried at 90 cm, and an estimate of drainage volume. Nitrogen losses were greatest following manure applications in September, October and November but losses following applications in December or January were not significantly elevated above those from untreated controls. Losses were consistently lower from FYM than from broiler litter or separated slurry. The presence of a cover crop (winter rye) significantly reduced overall N leaching compared with the fallow, but only reduced the manure N leaching losses at one site during one winter when a high proportion of drainage occurred late. The incorporation of a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) with manures applied in October did not significantly reduce the manure N leaching.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from grassland with buffer strips following application of fertilizers and manures

Abstract. We examined whether nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) export was enhanced from grassland receiving inorganic fertilizer and manures typical of intensive livestock production. Buffer strips were included in the study to determine if they could reduce nutrient export. Hillslope plots receiving granular inorganic fertilizer, liquid cattle slurry and solid cattle manure (FYM) were compared using rainfall simulation for 4 storms on consecutive days at 22 mm h^-1 and 35 minutes duration. The plots were hydrologically isolated in a randomized block layout of 4 treatments × 3 replicates and measured 30 × 5m; the upper 20m received either fertilizer, slurry or FYM, while the lower 10 m acted as an unfertilized grass buffer strip. Nitrogen and P export in surface runoff from grassland receiving inorganic fertilizer exceeded that from FYM or slurry treatments; concentrations up to46mgN1-^-1 and 15 mgP1^–1 were recorded.
Sixty eight % and 62% of the N from FYM and slurry respectively, was exported in organic form. Seventy four % (FYM) and 39% (slurry) of the P was in particulate or dissolved organic form. The buffer strip reduced N export in surface runoff by 94% and P export by 98% from inorganic fertilizer plots. A 75% reduction in N export was recorded from the buffer zone below slurry plots but only a 10% reduction in P, with most P remaining in the particulate or dissolved organic fraction. There was no significant difference in N export from the buffer zone between the inorganic fertilizer treatment and the untreated control.     

Sulfur mineralization in two soils amended with organic manures,crop residues,and green manures

The mineralization of sulfur (S) was investigated in a Vertisol and an Inceptisol amended with organic manures, green manures, and crop residues. Field‐moist soils amended with 10 g kg^—1 of organic materials were mixed with glass beads, placed in pyrex leaching tubes, leached with 0.01 M CaCl₂ to remove the mineral S and incubated at 30 °C. The leachates were collected every fortnight for 16 weeks and analyzed for SO₄‐S. The amount of S mineralized in control and in manure‐amended soils was highest in the first week and decreased steadily thereafter. The total S mineralized in amended soils varied considerably depending on the type of organic materials incorporated and soil used. The cumulative amounts of S mineralized in amended soils ranged from 6.98 mg S (kg soil)^—1 in Inceptisol amended with wheat straw to 34.38 mg S (kg soil)^—1 in Vertisol amended with farmyard manure (FYM). Expressed as a percentage of the S added to soils, the S mineralized was higher in FYM treated soils (63.5 to 67.3 %) as compared to poultry manure amended soils (60.5 to 62.3 %). Similarly the percentage of S mineralization from subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) loppings was higher (53.6 to 55.5 %) than that from gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) loppings (50.3 to 51.1 %). Regression analysis clearly indicated the dependence of S mineralization on the C : S ratio of the organic materials added to soil. The addition of organic amendments resulted in net immobilization of S when the C : S ratio was above 290:1 in Vertisol and 349:1 in Inceptisol. The mineralizable S pool (S_o) and first‐order rate constant (k) varied considerably among the different types of organic materials added and soil. The S_o values of FYM treated soils were higher than in subabul, gliricidia, and poultry manure treated soils.     

牛粪螺旋压榨固液分离工艺参数优化

为了优化粪便固液分离工艺,用作者研制的固液分离机对鲜牛粪进行固液分离,以进料水料比、榨条间隙、螺旋转速作为影响因素,以分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）含量为主要考察指标,以处理牛粪生产率、液料中固体去除率为参考指标,采用3因素5水平进行二次正交旋转组合试验设计,探讨了螺旋压榨工艺参数对固液分离效果的影响,得到了优化的工艺参数：进料水料比为0.65,榨条间隙为1.5 mm,螺旋转速68 r/min时,分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）质量分数可以达到40%以上,研究结果可为牛粪固液分离提供参考依据。     

Long-term effect of manure and mineral fertilizer application on the distribution of organic nitrogen fractions in soil under a rice–wheat cropping system

A long-term experiment was used to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on the distribution of soil organic N fractions and their contribution to N nutrition of a rice–wheat system. Continuous application of mineral fertilizers, alone or in combination with organic manures for 7 years, led to a marked increase in total N, hydrolysable N (amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, ammonia-N, hydrolysable unknown-N) and non-hydrolysable N compared with their original status in soil. However, continuous rice–wheat cropping without any fertilization resulted in depletion of total N, hydrolysable N and non-hydrolysable N by 21.3, 23.5 and 15.1% over their initial status in surface soil. The effect of press mud (PM) treatment was more pronounced in increasing total and hydrolysable N compared with farmyard manure (FYM) or green manure (GM) treatment. Incorporation of PM, FYM and GM along with mineral fertilizers increased the total N content by 32.8, 18.3 and 5.1% and that of hydrolysable N by 25.7, 19.6 and 9.5%, respectively, over mineral fertilizer treatment. Among the most important fractions, amino sugar-N, amino acid-N and ammonia-N were found to be most the important fractions contributing to grain yield and nitrogen uptake of rice and wheat crops.     

牛粪螺旋压榨固液分离工艺参数优化

为了优化粪便固液分离工艺,用作者研制的固液分离机对鲜牛粪进行固液分离,以进料水料比、榨条间隙、螺旋转速作为影响因素,以分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）含量为主要考察指标,以处理牛粪生产率、液料中固体去除率为参考指标,采用3因素5水平进行二次正交旋转组合试验设计,探讨了螺旋压榨工艺参数对固液分离效果的影响,得到了优化的工艺参数：进料水料比为0.65,榨条间隙为1.5 mm,螺旋转速68 r/min时,分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）质量分数可以达到40%以上,研究结果可为牛粪固液分离提供参考依据。     

Development of improved advice for farmers and advisers

Abstract. The MAFF Nitrate Programme has provided policy makers and the agricultural industry with a much improved understanding of soil nitrogen cycling, and the cost-effectiveness of a range of nitrate reduction strategies. This understanding has been disseminated as improved economically-based advice on fertilizer N inputs to arable and grass crops, and information on the N value of livestock manures as affected by timing and method of application. In addition, strategies for reducing nitrate losses have been developed, including the use of over-winter cover crops, the management of cultivations and crop residues, and the conversion of arable land to low-input grassland.
A wide variety of information dissemination methods have been used, including face-to-face discussions, demonstrations, articles in the farming press, booklets aimed at farmers, technical information for advisers and consultants, recommendation reference books and computer-based fertilizer recommendation systems.