重金属在猪饲料-粪便-土壤-蔬菜中的分布特征研究

本文调查分析了江西省余江县39个大型养猪场的饲料、猪粪、以及长期施用这些猪粪的菜地土壤及蔬菜的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,并对饲料、猪粪、土壤和蔬菜重金属含量进行了相关分析。结果表明,大猪和小猪饲料Cu含量超标率分别达81.6%和30.8%,Zn含量超标率分别达89.5%和94.9%,而Pb、Cd未超标。猪粪Cu、Zn含量亦严重超标,且饲料和猪粪中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量呈显著正相关关系。土壤总Zn和总Cd含量分别有7.8%和5.2%的样品超过三级标准,污染较为严重。所有蔬菜样品Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过我国食品卫生质量标准,空心菜和芋头Cd含量超标。土壤总Cu、Zn、Cd含量与提取态呈显著正相关。     

畜禽粪便热解气体的红外光谱分析

为了解畜禽粪便热解过程析出气体的主要成分以及气体析出规律,该文在30℃/min的升温速率条件下进行了猪粪、牛粪、羊粪和鸡粪的热解试验,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）技术对热解过程中气体产物的排放特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,畜禽粪便气体产物主要在250～500℃析出,其主要成分为H2O,CO,CO2和CH4等,其中H2O、CO和CO2的析出峰为双峰,H2O和CO2均在350℃附近形成最大析出峰,H2O约在150℃形成第1个析出峰,CO2约在710℃附近形成的第2个析出峰,CO在350℃处形成第一个析出峰,其最大析出峰形成于710℃处左右,CH4析出特性为一单峰,在530℃附近形成最大峰值。该文研究结果为热解反应器的设计和优化提供参考。     

腐熟秸杆有机肥改良土壤次生盐渍化研究

通过盆栽实验的方法，研究了化肥与腐熟秸杆有机肥对土壤EC、各盐分离子含量以及油菜生物量的影响。结果表明，施用化肥显著增加土壤盐分含量，过量的化肥导致土壤次生盐渍化，降低油菜生物量；施用腐熟有机肥虽然在一定程度上增加土壤EC值和各盐分含量，但是同时显著增加油菜的生物量。     

牛粪厌氧发酵过程中的分层流变特性

厌氧发酵过程中,物料分层及各层料液黏度、密度等参数是搅拌装置设计的重要依据。该文采用接力试验研究了牛粪中温厌氧发酵过程中各层料液基础物性的变化情况。结果表明:牛粪厌氧发酵过程中,反应器中料液密度自上而下逐渐变大,且各层密度随总固体含量增加而升高,反应过程中各层密度均在发酵第4天达到最大值,料液总固体质量分数为4%、6%、8%时对应的上中下层溶液的密度最大值分别为1.02、1和1.02,1.02、1.03和1.07,1.03、1.03和1.07 g/cm3。受料液分层的影响,反应器中上层和中层料液黏度呈先增大后减小并逐步趋于稳定,下层料液黏度以初始黏度为最大,且不同初始料液总固体含量对黏度变化过程具有显著影响,TS=4%时,上、中层料液黏度分别在第7天、第4天达到最大值11.5和14.7 m Pa·s,下层初始最大黏度为107 m Pa·s;TS=6%、8%时,上、中层料液黏度均在第4天达到最大值,上层料液黏度最大值分别为25.5和63.5 m Pa·s,中层料液黏度最大值分别为15.5和95.5 m Pa·s,下层初始最大黏度分别为135.5和185.5 m Pa·s。随着初始物料总固体含量的增加日产气量也相应增高,产气高峰出现时间相应提前;TS=8%时的累积产气量分别比6%和4%提高了21.4%和8.71%,但产气中甲烷含量增加速率基本相同,并在第10天左右基本趋于稳定。该结果可为厌氧发酵反应器的搅拌装置设计提供参考。     

添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

为明确添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥启动期和高温期微生物数量及酶活性变化规律,探讨微生物影响堆肥温度的机制,揭示影响畜禽粪便堆肥持续高温的主要微生物,该研究比较了猪粪自然堆肥与添加腐熟猪粪(质量分数3%)堆肥过程中有机质降解及嗜温、嗜热微生物数量和脱氢酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性变化特征。结果表明,24 h内添加腐熟猪粪堆肥温度比自然堆肥高出5℃,但高温期平均温度较自然堆肥低8℃,高温（＞50℃）期比自然堆肥短4 d。自然堆肥和添加腐熟猪粪堆肥嗜温菌数量先高后低,嗜热菌数量随着温度的升高而上升。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥升温期嗜温、嗜热细菌和纤维素降解菌增殖速度较快,且数量分别比自然堆肥高出12.2%、152.6%、60.3%。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性高峰提前,并使蛋白酶活性增加4.9%。但高温期后,嗜热纤维素降解菌数量比自然堆肥少22.5%,纤维素酶活性及有机质损失率也分别比对照低25.8%、6.1%。以上结果表明,在猪粪高温好氧堆肥中添加腐熟猪粪可以加快堆肥初期升温速度,但由于高温期嗜热纤维素降解菌数量减少,纤维素酶活性降低,不能促进猪粪堆肥持续高温。该研究为猪粪堆肥菌剂的筛选及适宜的接种时间提供依据。     

Nitrogen and sulphur management: challenges for organic sources in temperate agricultural systems

Abstract. A current global trend towards intensification or specialization of agricultural enterprises has been accompanied by increasing public awareness of associated environmental consequences. Air and water pollution from losses of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), are a major concern. Governments have initiated extensive regulatory frameworks, including various land use policies, in an attempt to control or reduce the losses. This paper presents an overview of critical input and loss processes affecting N and S for temperate climates, and provides some background to the discussion in subsequent papers evaluating specific farming systems. Management effects on potential gaseous and leaching losses, the lack of synchrony between supply of nutrients and plant demand, and options for optimizing the efficiency of N and S use are reviewed. Integration of inorganic and organic fertilizer inputs and the equitable re-distribution of nutrients from manure are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting a need for innovative research that is also targeted to practical approaches for reducing N and S losses, and improving the overall synchrony between supply and demand.     

塑料薄膜覆盖对牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为控制短期贮存畜禽粪便的温室气体排放,该文研究了塑料薄膜覆盖对肉牛粪便短期贮存过程中温室气体排放量的影响。试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了秋季(日均22.87℃)肉牛粪便自然露天堆放(对照组)和塑料薄膜覆盖堆放(覆盖组)时温室气体的排放通量。结果表明:秋季覆盖塑料薄膜贮存粪便可使N2O和CO2的日均排放通量分别降低94.85%(P0.01)和88.85%(P0.01),并在试验前期(0~9 d)使CH4的日均排放通量降低了43.37%(P0.05),但随后的10~30 d,覆盖组粪便CH4的日均排放通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:当环境温度在17.23~30.35℃时,覆盖塑料薄膜可以降低堆放贮存(0~30 d)粪便N2O和CO2的排放通量以及堆放初期(0~9 d)CH4的排放通量。因此,塑料薄膜覆盖贮存法可显著降低粪便堆放初期的温室气体排放。     

Sequential extractions and 31P-NMR spectroscopy of phosphorus forms in animal manures, whole soils and particle-size separates from a densely populated livestock area in northwest Germany

The solubility and forms of phosphorus (P) were investigated in manures from chicken and pigs, eight whole soil samples and clay-, silt-, and sand-size separates from an arable and a grassland soil. Total P (P_t) in liquid pig manure (16.2 g kg^–1) and dry chicken manure (26.2 g kg^–1) was distributed between residual P (39–41% P_t), H₂SO₄–P (17–27% P_t), labile resin- and NaHCO₃–P (24–39% P_t), and NaOH-P (3–10% P_t). Most soils had larger proportions of NaOH-P and residual P, indicating reactions of manure-derived P compounds with pedogenic oxides and humic substances. Clay-size separates had the highest P-concentrations in all fractions and were particularly enriched in exchangeable and labile P forms. Solution ³¹P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 0.5 M NaOH extracts from manures and some soil samples showed greater signal intensities for orthophosphate and monoester P than 0.1 M NaOH extracts. This can be explained by alkaline hydrolysis phosphate diesters at higher NaOH concentrations and/or by preferential extraction of diesters at lower concentrations. The ³¹P-NMR spectra showed differences between the two manures and confirmed that increasing proportions of ester-P can be expected if they are spread to soils. The NaOH extracts of soil samples were characterized by large proportions of orthophosphate-P (mean 77% of assigned P compounds), which seemed to be slightly enriched in clay fractions whereas the extracts from silt contained more ester-P. Sequential extractions and ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy both showed that these excessively manured soils are likely to lose large amounts of P. Received: 15 July 1996     

华北地区饲料和畜禽粪便中重金属质量分数调查分析

为加强重金属的源头控制,进一步形成农产品产地有机肥源重金属阻控体系,该文对华北地区畜禽饲料和粪便中重金属质量分数进行采样调查分析,结果表明,华北地区畜禽粪便超标以Cu、Zn为主,Pb、Cr和As次之,Cd、Ni和Hg不超标。各种畜禽粪便以猪粪和肉鸡粪的超标情况最为严重,肉牛粪、蛋鸡粪次之,奶牛粪不超标。猪粪的Cu、Zn超标率分别高达100%、91.67%,肉鸡粪主要以Cr、Cu、Zn污染为主,超标率分别为50%、66.67%和50%,而蛋鸡粪仅有Cu超标,超标率为11.11%。不同畜禽饲料中重金属的超标情况以猪饲料和肉牛饲料最为严重,肉鸡饲料及奶牛饲料次之。按照农业部1224公告对Cu、Zn的标准,猪饲料中Cu、Zn超标率为66.67%、80.00%,肉鸡饲料中Zn超标62.50%;按照饲料卫生标准对Cr、Pb的标准,肉牛中Cr、Pb超标83.33%、66.67%,奶牛饲料中Cr超标60.00%,蛋鸡饲料中Pb超标53.85%,不同畜禽饲料中Cd的质量分数均不超标。畜禽粪便中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的质量分数与饲料中重金属质量分数呈极显著正相关(P0.01),Pb、As与饲料中重金属呈显著相关性(P0.05)。该调查研究有助于掌握华北地区重金属饲料-畜禽粪便污染现状,揭示了对于畜禽粪便或有机肥的重金属超标问题应从源头控制。     

射流搅拌提高牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能

现有中温沼气工程的搅拌方式以机械搅拌和沼液回流搅拌为主,存在产气率低、设备难以维护、长期运行不稳定等问题。该研究设计了一种射流搅拌技术,集沼液回流搅拌和沼气搅拌于一体,试验用于牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气。通过沼气产率、营养基质消耗、微生物种类和数量的变化等方面分析射流搅拌强化牛粪中温厌氧发酵产气的效果及机理。结果表明:发酵期30 d内,无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌和射流搅拌的总产气量分别为52.34、64.30、61.97和71.22 L;原料产气量分别为0.238、0.292、0.282和0.324 L/g,射流搅拌厌氧反应器的原料产气量比无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌分别提高了36.1%、22.9%、18.4%;射流搅拌方式中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)降解率最高达到60.8%;在产甲烷高峰期发酵第10天左右,射流搅拌反应器内产甲烷菌最大值达2.0×108个/m L;挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)浓度的降速较其他有搅拌方式快,VFA无积累,不受高浓度VFA的产物反馈抑制或底物抑制。