氮肥运筹对春玉米产量、养分吸收和转运的影响

研究氮肥不同运筹方式对玉米产量、养分吸收利用、转运及分配的影响。结果表明,基肥:拔节期:抽雄期施氮比例为3∶4∶3处理玉米产量和氮肥利用效率最高,较其他基追比例处理增产3.2%~20.5%,氮收获指数、当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力分别提高2.0~5.3个百分点、2.0~21.3个百分点、2.3~10.0 kg/kg和2.3~10.0 kg/kg。施氮可显著增加玉米主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,并可提高玉米抽雄期氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运和子粒养分增加量,其中基肥∶拔节期∶抽雄期施氮比例为3∶4∶3处理玉米灌浆期氮、磷、钾吸收量最高,成熟期子粒氮、磷、钾积累总量高于其他基追比例处理。相关分析结果表明,玉米各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收间存在显著或极显著的正向相关,且除苗期外,其他生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量与产量均存在极显著正相关,灌浆期氮、磷、钾吸收状况与产量相关系数最大。     

不同施肥模式下玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用特性研究

通过两年田间试验,研究农民习惯施肥模式与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、氮磷钾积累分配及利用的影响。结果表明,优化施肥模式的玉米产量较农民习惯施肥模式提高了9.2%和8.5%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施肥可显著提高玉米苗期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量,优化施肥模式可提高玉米灌浆期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量和开花期至成熟期阶段养分分配比例。与农民习惯施肥模式相比,优化施肥模式的玉米肥料吸收利用率提高50.2%,农学利用率提高51.7%,偏生产力提高36.5%,养分收获指数提高8.3%。差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。相关分析表明,玉米苗期至开花期和开花期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与玉米产量间均存在显著或极显著正相关。优化施肥模式通过控制氮、磷、钾肥总量与氮肥分期调控,使玉米产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用均优于农民习惯施肥模式。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦施肥现状与评价

为了解宁夏引黄灌区春小麦养分资源管理中存在的问题,于2011-2013年采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了该灌区5个县市328个种植户的春小麦施肥和产量情况。结果表明,春小麦平均产量的年际间变幅不大,3年平均产量为4 578kg·hm-2。春小麦产量偏低的农户比例最高,3年平均达46.7%,产量适中的农户平均占23.7%,处于适中以下的农户比例在50%以上。3年春小麦的纯N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为357.0、182.7、33.4kg·hm-2。平均86.4%的春小麦种植户氮肥投入过量,44.6%的磷肥施用过量,83.3%的钾肥投入严重不足,肥料养分投入与产量水平分布并不同步。养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅;重氮肥,轻钾肥。化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别占养分总投入量的96.6%、98.0%和79.0%。氮肥运筹以基肥和追肥为主,基追比大致为6∶4;磷肥以基肥和种肥为主,钾肥几乎全部通过基肥施入。春小麦每投入1kg纯N、P2O5、K2O养分,平均分别可生产14.8、30.0和154.7kg籽粒,肥料生产力总体趋势为K2OP2O5N。因此,建议宁夏引黄灌区春小麦采用有机无机肥料配施、氮肥后移(60%追肥)的原则,并注意减氮、控磷、补钾,有机肥以30t·hm-2为宜,化肥N、P2O5、K2O投入分别不超过225、180、60kg·hm-2。     

赣北植棉区冲积洲地棉花两种施肥方式下的肥料利用率

为了摸清赣北植棉区冲积洲地棉花常规施肥与配方施肥两种施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的利用效率。通过田间大区对比试验取样检测植株中和土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量测算肥料利用率。结果表明:常规施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的当季利用率分别为23.47%、10.68%和27.45%,测土配方施肥方式下的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的当季利用率分别为41.26%、12.08%和31.4%,棉花测土配方施肥比常规施肥的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥当季利用率均提高明显。     

耕播方式对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、养分吸收和利用的影响

为给稻茬小麦机械化高产高效生产提供参考,以冬小麦品种扬麦23为材料,研究了水稻秸秆全量还田、耕作层土壤含水量85.7%条件下不同耕作方式(耕翻、旋耕和板茬)和播种方式(条播、带状条播和均匀摆播)对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、养分吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,板茬处理更利于小麦对养分的吸收,成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量比耕翻和旋耕处理分别提高了20.1%和5.7%、35.0%和17.7%、7.0%和4.0%,且增加了肥料表观利用率、肥料利用效率、肥料农学效率和百公斤籽粒吸氮量,产量比耕翻和旋耕处理分别高14.9%和9.6%。均匀摆播较条播和带状条播提高了小麦氮、磷、钾素吸收能力,且促进了花后氮、磷素的积累与花前积累的转运;此外,均匀摆播的肥料农学效率比条播和带状条播分别提高30.6%～31.9%和4.1%～4.7%,氮肥、磷肥表观利用率分别提高了15.4%和4.6%、12.8%和3.5%。本试验条件下,板茬配以均匀摆播的耕播方式能够通过提高小麦早期氮、磷、钾养分吸收能力来促进植株生长和后期养分积累,进而增加养分吸收效率,有利于籽粒产量与养分利用效率的协同提高,但籽粒蛋白质含量未有一致表现,仍待进一步研究。     

玉米平衡施肥对产量、养分平衡系数及肥料利用率的影响

在黑龙江省玉米主产区采用多点田间试验方法研究玉米平衡施肥对产量、养分平衡系数、肥料利用率及农学效率的影响。结果表明,与最佳处理(OPT)相比,3个试验点不施氮、磷、钾、硫、锌、硼肥处理的平均减产率分别为23.9%、9.0%、11.9%、7.0%、7.6%、5.5%。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾的平均平衡系数分别为0.92、1.06和0.42,说明,150～165 kg/hm2氮素投入、55～82.5 kg/hm2磷素投入略低,养分平衡处于亏缺状态,75 kg/hm2钾素投入过低,养分平衡处于严重亏缺状态。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾肥平均利用率分别为36.2%、27.3%、46.7%;不施氮肥处理磷肥平均利用率为0.9%;不施磷肥处理氮、钾肥平均利用率分别为20.7%和27.6%;不施钾肥处理氮、磷肥平均利用率分别为23.1%和13.1%,可见,平衡施肥提高了肥料利用率。3个试验点OPT处理氮、磷、钾的农学效率分别为14.1、13.6和15.5 kg/kg。     

施肥措施对黄土高原旱作玉米资源利用效率的影响

依托在黄土高原半干旱旱农区建立的不同培肥措施的田间定位试验,以不施肥(NA)为对照,研究4个等氮量的不同培肥措施单施化肥(CF)、单施商品有机肥(SM)、商品有机肥+化肥(SC)和单施玉米秸秆(MS)对旱作玉米水氮利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,单施化肥和有机无机配施显著提高了玉米产量及水氮利用效率,与不施肥相比,单施化肥和商品有机肥+化肥配施处理子粒产量、生物产量和水分利用效率分别增加了148.8%、136.5%、70.8%和105.7%、70.8%、81.6%。与单施化肥相比,商品有机肥+化肥、单施商品有机肥、单施玉米秸秆处理氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低了20.37%、83.97%、12.19%和50.18%、73.78%、44.14%。单施化肥处理和施商品有机肥+化肥处理均可提高玉米产量、生长期耗水量、水分利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,施商品有机肥+化肥产投比低于单施化肥。     

氮肥减施对京科968与郑单958氮效率及产量的影响

以郑单958与京科968为材料,在减施氮肥(正常施氮量210 kg/hm~2)14.3%~28.6%水平下,比较玉米品种氮效率与产量。结果表明,施氮肥150~180 kg/hm2,郑单958产量下降2.39%~4.03%,京科968产量下降1.67%~2.99%。随着施氮量减少,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用效率,氮肥农学利用效率升高,氮肥表观利用效率、100 kg子粒需氮量降低,氮收获指数保持基本稳定。适度减施氮肥,可有效提高玉米生产效率。施氮处理下不同器官的氮转运率与对子粒的氮贡献率高于不施氮处理,不同器官的氮转运率顺序为穗轴叶片苞叶叶鞘茎秆;对子粒的氮贡献率表现为叶片茎秆穗轴叶鞘苞叶。京科968氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用效率均优于郑单958,氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率与子粒吸氮量与郑单958相当。京科968氮吸收效率优于郑单958,具备较好的耐低氮特性。     

东北西部地区春玉米施肥现状分析

对吉林西部6个乡镇和通辽市5个旗县共170份玉米养分调查数据进行分析和评价。结果表明,吉林西部玉米平均单产8 782 kg/hm~2,氮、磷、钾养分平均投入量分别为199、96、94 kg/hm~2,偏生产力分别为50、97、101 kg/kg;内蒙古通辽平均单产10 200 kg/hm~2,氮、磷、钾养分平均投入量分别为272、85、83 kg/hm~2,偏生产力40、131、134 kg/kg。吉林西部71%农户氮肥投入量适宜,65%的农户超量施磷,40%的农户过量施钾;内蒙古通辽氮肥超量施用农户60%左右,磷钾肥用量较为适宜。两个地区95%以上的磷、钾肥作为基施,吉林西部53%氮肥用于追施,内蒙古通辽67%氮肥左右用于追施。结合推荐施肥量,吉林西部磷、钾减施潜力达10%和13%左右,内蒙古通辽氮肥减施潜力15%以上。推广配方合理的复合肥,推广应用滴灌施肥,可以进一步提高肥料利用效率。     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜较高产量水平与合理氮肥利用率的统一。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.