不同施肥模式下玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用特性研究

通过两年田间试验,研究农民习惯施肥模式与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、氮磷钾积累分配及利用的影响。结果表明,优化施肥模式的玉米产量较农民习惯施肥模式提高了9.2%和8.5%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施肥可显著提高玉米苗期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量,优化施肥模式可提高玉米灌浆期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量和开花期至成熟期阶段养分分配比例。与农民习惯施肥模式相比,优化施肥模式的玉米肥料吸收利用率提高50.2%,农学利用率提高51.7%,偏生产力提高36.5%,养分收获指数提高8.3%。差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。相关分析表明,玉米苗期至开花期和开花期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与玉米产量间均存在显著或极显著正相关。优化施肥模式通过控制氮、磷、钾肥总量与氮肥分期调控,使玉米产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用均优于农民习惯施肥模式。

Research on Absorption and Utilization Characteristics of N, P and K under Different Fertilization Modes

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of the mode of farmers practices(FP) and optimized fertilization(OPT) on maize yield, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) accumulation, distribution and utilization for two years. The results showed that maize yield of OPT mode increased by 9.2% and 8.5% than that of FP mode, and it arrived at significant difference(P<0.05) between OPT mode and FP mode. The accumulation of N, P and K increased significantly with the increment of fertilizer application from seedling stage to mature stage. Compared with FP mode, OPT mode could improve the accumulation of N, P and K from filling stage to mature stage and the distribution proportion of nutrient from flowering stage to mature stage. Fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial fertilizer productivity and nutrient harvest index of OPT mode increased by 50.2%, 51.7%, 36.5% and 8.3%, respectively, and it arrived at significant difference(P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that it was significant or obviously significant positively correlated between maize yield and the amount of N, P and K accumulation from seedling stage to flowering stage and from flowering stage to mature stage. In conclusion, maize yield and absorption and utilization of N, P and K of OPT fertilization mode were superior to FP fertilization mode by controlling the total amount of N, P and K fertilizers and nitrogen regulation by stages in this experiment.