东北西部地区春玉米施肥现状分析

对吉林西部6个乡镇和通辽市5个旗县共170份玉米养分调查数据进行分析和评价。结果表明,吉林西部玉米平均单产8 782 kg/hm~2,氮、磷、钾养分平均投入量分别为199、96、94 kg/hm~2,偏生产力分别为50、97、101 kg/kg;内蒙古通辽平均单产10 200 kg/hm~2,氮、磷、钾养分平均投入量分别为272、85、83 kg/hm~2,偏生产力40、131、134 kg/kg。吉林西部71%农户氮肥投入量适宜,65%的农户超量施磷,40%的农户过量施钾;内蒙古通辽氮肥超量施用农户60%左右,磷钾肥用量较为适宜。两个地区95%以上的磷、钾肥作为基施,吉林西部53%氮肥用于追施,内蒙古通辽67%氮肥左右用于追施。结合推荐施肥量,吉林西部磷、钾减施潜力达10%和13%左右,内蒙古通辽氮肥减施潜力15%以上。推广配方合理的复合肥,推广应用滴灌施肥,可以进一步提高肥料利用效率。

Current Status of Fertilizer Application in Spring Maize in Western Region of Northeast China

In order to understand the current situation of fertilizer application problems in maize in West of Jilin and Tongliao of Inner Mongolia, a nutrient survey was conducted in 170 farmers in 6 towns and villages in western Jilin and 5 counties in Tongliao. The results show that, in the west of Jilin province, the average maize yield is 8 782 kg/ha. The average nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P₂O₅) and potassium(K₂O) input are 199, 96, 94 kg/ha, and the partial factor productivity of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O is 50, 97, 101 kg/kg, respectively. In Tongliao, Inner Mongolia province, the average maize yield is 10 200 kg/ha. The average nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium input are 272, 85, 83 kg/ha and the partial factor productivity of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O is 41, 131, 134 kg/kg, respectively. In west Jilin, 71% of farmers have appropriate N fertilizer application, 65% of the farmers apply super-optimal amount of phosphorus, and 40% of the farmers apply super-optimal amount potassium. In Tongliao, 60% of the farmers apply super-optimal amount of nitrogen. More than 95% of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are applied as basal fertilizer. About 53% and 67% of nitrogen fertilizer are applied as topdressing in the west of Jilin and in Tongliao, respectively. By reference to the recommended fertilizer application in these regions, the potential reduction of phosphorus and potassium is 10% and 13% in western Jilin province, respectively, and the potential reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application is more than 15% in Tongliao. It is suggested that the formula of the compound fertilizers should the optimized and drip fertigation should be used to increase fertilizer use efficiency.