贵州菖蒲种质资源形态性状的遗传多样性

为菖蒲地方种质资源的保护、开发利用及新品种选育提供参考,以28份贵州菖蒲种质资源为材料,对6个主要形态性状指标进行遗传多样性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明:28份材料的形态性状间存在广泛的遗传多样性,叶状佛焰苞长度的变异系数最大,为91.66%,叶长的变异系数最小,为22.05%。6个形态指标间存在极显著正相关性。28份菖蒲资源可分为3大类群,类群Ⅰ包括叶片宽度中等的16份资源,类群Ⅱ包括叶片很细、植株相对矮小的7份资源,类群Ⅲ包括叶片很宽、植株较大的5份资源。     

农机远程智能管理平台研发及其应用

本研究针对农机管理实时数据少、农机实时作业监管困难、服务信息不对称等问题，首先提出专业化远程管理平台设计时应具有五大原则：专业化、标准化、云平台、模块化以及开放性。基于这些原则，本研究设计了基于大田作业智能传感技术、物联网技术、定位技术、遥感技术和地理信息系统的可定制化的通用农机远程智能管理平台。平台分别为各级政府管理部门、农机合作社、农机手、农户设计并实现了基于WebGIS 的农机信息库及农机位置服务、农机作业实时监测与管理、农田基础信息管理、田间作物基本信息管理、农机调度管理、农机补贴管理、农机作业订单管理等多个实用模块。研究着重分析了在当前的技术背景下，平台部分关键技术的实现方法，包括采用低精度GNSS定位系统前提下的作业面积的计算方法、GNSS定位数据处理过程中的数据问题分析、农机调度算法、作业传感器信息的集成等，并提出了以地块为核心的管理平台建设思路；同时提出农机作业管理平台将逐步从简单作业管理转向大田农机综合管理。本平台对同类型管理平台的研发具有一定的参考与借鉴作用。     

影响猪采食行为的肠道微生物种类鉴别

动物主要通过采食来获取能量和所需营养物质,探索肠道菌群对猪采食行为的影响并研究其潜在的作用机制,可以为后续通过调控肠道菌群来改善猪采食提供理论基础。以210头商业杜洛克猪为研究对象,使用自动喂料器记录包括平均日采食时间(ADET)、平均日采食次数(ADEV)、平均日采食量(ADFI)等采食行为指标。140日龄时于肛门处收集粪便样品,通过16S rRNA基因V3-V4区测序获得试验猪肠道微生物结构与组成概况,采用Two-part模型以及共丰度组(CAGs)鉴别与猪采食行为相关的肠道微生物种类。结果显示：1)表型间相关性分析结果表明,ADET分别与ADEV(r=0.41,P<0.05)、RFI(r=0.32,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,ADFI分别与RFI(r=0.56,P<0.05)、平均日增重(ADG)(r=0.63,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,另外,RFI与背膘厚呈显著正相关(r=0.16,P<0.05)。2)CAGs分析中,主要包括瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)以及颤螺菌属(Oscillospira...     

空气流速对温室地下蓄热系统湿热传递影响试验

为确定双层覆盖温室地下蓄热系统换热管道空气流速对蓄热量和水蒸气迁移的影响，建立合理的运行模式，测试了该系统以0.6～2.8m/s的空气流速蓄热时换热管道进、出口空气温度和相对湿度、地坪温度、室外温度，计算了换热管道进出口处空气含湿量与焓及蓄热功率。结果表明，在冬季白昼晴朗时，系统分别以0.6、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、2.8m/s的空气流速进行蓄热，温室内热空气流经换热管道焓值明显降低，以不同流速蓄热时进、出口空气焓差的变化幅度、变化趋势相近，换热均充分；蓄热功率随流速增加而增加，当空气流速小于2m/s时，蓄热功率不足，系统蓄热时较佳的空气流速为2.5～2.8m/s，蓄热时间应以     

我国畜禽粪便处理利用现状及展望

随着农业结构调整和农业产业化的推进,以及规模化、集约化畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,其规模由小到大,范围由点到面,但由于畜禽养殖业管理薄弱和农业与养殖业脱节,致使大量畜禽粪便与污染物随意排放和流失,破坏了生态环境.为此,介绍了畜禽粪便的处理方法和资源化技术,并根据我国现状提出了畜禽粪便处理利用的发展方向.     

Surface mulching and a sandy soil interlayer suppress upward enrichment of salt ions in salt-contaminated field

Purpose

The suppression effect of a sandy soil interlayer on topsoil enrichment of salt ions was investigated. However, whether this suppression effect was enhanced by surface mulching was little documented. The objectives of this study were to compare the suppression effects under different materials mulching, and to investigate an innovative method to suppress the soil salt ions down-to-top enrichment.

Materials and methods

In this study, the sandy soil layer was pre-positioned at 60–100 cm depth in a salt-contaminated site in advance, achieving the suppression effect on surface enrichment of salt components as expected. Three treatments were herein designed as bare field (CK), plastic film mulching (PM), and maize straw mulching (SM) to examine the dynamics of water and salt movement across soil profiles during the summer with strong evaporation.

Results and discussions

Results showed that total salt content was increased by 21.3 and 8.0% in CK and SM respectively, while decreased by 24.9% in PM at the end of strong evaporation period, comparing with the beginning. Thus, surface mulching further strengthened this suppression effect, but PM displayed better performance than SM did. The data also demonstrated that vertical transport of soil water was much restrained in PM and SM, accordingly inhibiting upward transfer of salt ions. Particularly, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 14.3–265.7, 17.9–147.1, 38.4–147.2 mmol^1/2 kg^?1/2 at a shallow soil layer (0–60 cm) in CK, PM, and SM, respectively.

Conclusions

The results suggested that sandy soil interlayer settings with plastic mulching are a critical technical strategy for salt-contaminated land reutilization and management.

     

Migration path and isotope tracing of 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu in estuary sediments: a case study of Liao River estuary in China

Purpose

Currently, the distribution characteristics and transport processes of the radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ^239?+?240Pu in the sediments of estuaries are still a controversial issue. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the distribution characteristics, sources and migration path of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239?+?240Pu in sediment cores of the Liao River estuary (LRE), China, and evaluated the relative contributions of the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) and riverine sources of Pu for the sediments in this area. We used ¹³⁷Cs and Pu isotopes for dating the sediments and estimated the sedimentation rates by the two radionuclides in the LRE.

Materials and methods

Seven sediment samples were collected using a box corer from the Liao River estuarine wetland and tidal flat in the LRE in October 2012 and April 2015, respectively. The activities of ¹³⁷Cs in the various samples were determined by γ spectrometry using HP-Ge detectors with 60% relative counting efficiency. Approximately 2–5 g of sediment were spiked with ²⁴²Pu (ca. 1 mBq) as a chemical yield tracer for Pu isotopic analysis at the School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University. The measurement of Pu isotopes (²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu, ²⁴²Pu) was performed by a sector field ICP-MS. In order to quantitatively differentiate the relative proportions of global fallout and PPG, we employed a two-end member mixing model to estimate their contributions.

Results and discussion

The average values of ¹³⁷Cs, ^239?+?240Pu activity concentrations, and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the surface sediment samples of the LRE were 6.727?±?0.251 mBq g^?1, 0.294?±?0.024 mBq g^?1, and 0.188?±?0.049 (1σ), respectively. The average ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios ranged from 0.180?±?0.034 to 0.199?±?0.021 in sediment cores from the east and west sides of the LRE. For core LT-2 values for ¹³⁷Cs and ^239?+?240Pu concentrations were from below the detection limit: 3.380?±?0.414 and 0.036?±?0.007 to 0.105?±?0.007 mBq g^?1. The mean ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio 0.217?±?0.050 (1σ) in sediment core LT-2 lies between the global fallout and PPG close-in fallout.

Conclusions

We found that atmospheric fallout is the main source of Pu in sediment cores from the east and west sides of the LRE. For core LT-2, atmospheric fallout and riverine input (~?73.4%) are the major sources of Pu with the source of the rest of Pu (~?26.6%) attributed to the PPG via the Tsushima Warm Current and the coastal water of the East China Sea. The sedimentation rates (means 0.62–0.8 cm year^?1) estimated by the two radionuclides were in good agreement and without any statistically significant difference.

     

植保无人机施药喷嘴的发展现状及其施药决策

农药的低利用率是影响农业生态环境和农产品品质安全的重要原因之一,优化农药喷施技术是提高农药利用率的有效手段。无人机植保喷施作业作为航空施药领域的重要组成部分,因其应对突发灾害能力强、不受作业地点限制等优势,具有巨大的发展潜力。喷嘴作为植保无人机喷施系统中的关键部件,主要分为液力雾化喷嘴和离心雾化喷嘴两大类,良好的喷嘴性能能够大大提升航空施药喷洒的均匀性,提高农药的利用效率。该文总结了各类植保无人机常用喷嘴的原理、特点以及应用场合,提出了喷嘴性能评价指标并总结了三大类常用的雾滴粒径、沉积量、分布、速度等指标的测量手段,包括雾滴收集方法,雾滴沉积量测试方法以及仪器测量法。最后,针对目前无人机施药缺乏专业的指导,农药喷施效果有待提升的现状,该文提出合理的施药决策是结合靶标作物、喷药需求以及喷施环境三方面因素共同作用的结果,并从喷嘴喷雾角、防堵塞性、喷嘴压力与流量以及最佳作业粒径4个方面分析了喷嘴选型的思路,从专业喷嘴选型决策系统的建立以及无人机植保专用喷嘴的研发两方面对今后的研究进行展望。     

沉水植物种植工程实施后物种多样性的变化——以武汉紫阳湖为例

对武汉紫阳湖的沉水植物种植工程实施后的物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析,探讨了沉水植物种植工程中物种的恢复情况。结果表明:种植工程是沉水植物生物量不断增加的过程,首先导致种植区内特有种的出现,其次为稀有种。从生活型来看,多年生沉水植物受种植工程的影响最大,而一年生沉水植物可存活种植于工程区的内部与外部,在种植工程区内沉水植物物种的绝灭速率小于定居速率。这表明在湖泊种植沉水植物,首先,必须要有一定的保护区域;其次,种植沉水植物群落是需要经历一定时间与空间的重组过程。     

茄果类蔬菜中有机氯类农药残留的超声波清洗条件优化

以茄子和番茄为试验材料,通过超声波功率、清洗时间和清洗温度单因素试验以及3因素4水平正交试验,研究了超声波清洗处理因素对茄果类蔬菜有机氯农药残留去除效果。结果表明,超声波处理对茄果类蔬菜中有机氯农药百菌清残留去除率影响由大到小为功率、时间、温度;最优超声波清洗条件为超声波功率500 W,清洗时间5 min,清洗温度10℃,在此条件下,超声波处理对茄子、番茄中有机氯农药残留去除率分别可达96.2%、98.1%。