大麦籽粒淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性研究

为研究大麦籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性,及淀粉各组分与β-葡聚糖的关系,以2个皮大麦、1个裸大麦和1个糯裸大麦为试验材料,测定花后7、14、21、28d淀粉各组分及β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,甘啤6号淀粉各组分含量随灌浆推进均逐渐升高,在成熟期达到最大值;甘垦啤7号和甘垦6号均呈先升高后降低趋势,在花后21d有1个峰值。糯大麦C 2-1直链淀粉含量显著低于非糯大麦;支链淀粉含量显著高于非糯大麦,整个灌浆期呈先升高后降低趋势。β-葡聚糖含量均随灌浆时间延长逐渐升高,成熟期含量最高;整个灌浆期糯大麦C 2-1含量显著高于非糯大麦。相关分析表明,直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值与β-葡聚糖含量呈极显著负相关,可以将直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值作为高β-葡聚糖品种选育的一个指标。Logistic方程拟合发现,直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖最终积累量与积累起势与有效积累时间有关,支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最高积累速率和平均积累速率。     

河套平原典型县域耕地土壤养分空间变异特征研究

为研究河套平原地区土壤养分状况,探究县域尺度土壤养分的空间变异性与分布特征,以杭锦后旗县域耕地为对象,采用实地调查和地统计学相结合的方法,研究该区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量状况,分析土壤养分空间分布及其变异特征。结果表明,研究区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量依次为13.90 g/kg、0.93 g/kg、16.25 mg/kg和170.79 mg/kg,土壤有机质和全氮处于缺乏状态,速效磷含量中等,而速效钾的含量较为丰富。从空间变异及相关性看,各土壤养分的变异程度都为中等变异,有机质和速效钾为中等相关性,全氮和有效磷均为弱相关性。从空间分布格局看,土壤有机质与全氮分布规律相近,呈现西北部高、东南部和东北部低的特点;土壤速效钾整体分布较为均衡;速效磷空间差异明显,呈东高西低格局。针对该地区土壤养分含量及分布规律,在进行养分管理过程中,应以控氮、稳磷、稳钾、全区规划与重点应对相结合的原则,坚持以有机肥为主、有机与无机相结合的施肥策略。对县域尺度耕地土壤养分状况的调查研究和统计分析,明晰了区域土壤养分空间分布特征及其与土地利用方式之间的关系,为河套平原耕地土壤养分管理、地力培育以及合理施肥运筹等提供科学依据。     

基于qPCR和LAMP技术的马铃薯晚疫病菌快速检测方法

马铃薯晚疫病菌（Phytophthora infestans）能侵染多种茄科植物,它引起的马铃薯晚疫病,是马铃薯生产中的第一大病害。为了开发能在田间快速检测马铃薯晚疫病病原的方法,利用P. infestans T30-4基因组测序数据的contig 1.18131,设计qPCR和LAMP引物,优化扩增条件后得到引物的特异性和灵敏度,最后通过检测田间收获薯块,比较形态学传统方法、qPCR及LAMP的差异。特异性检测结果发现,qPCR和LAMP仅在含有P. infestans DNA模板的体系有阳性扩增,在寄主和其他微生物DNA中均无扩增;在优化的条件下,qPCR和LAMP的检测下限可达1×10 ^-6ng/μL,在有寄主和其他微生物DNA存在的条件下,引物的灵敏度没有显著差异。利用两种快速方法对在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区田间收获薯块上检测发现,qPCR和LAMP方法得到的检出率差异极为不显著（P=0.420）,两种快速检测方法和形态学鉴定方法检出率差异极显著（P=0.009）。在大理、丽江及昆明3个地区的薯块中,两种分子检测方法检出率均比形态学方法高。其中,qPCR检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了12.00%、2.00%、8.70%;LAMP检测方法比形态学方法分别提高了11.30%、2.00%、8.70%。     

拖拉机动量飞轮主动防侧翻控制与模型试验研究

针对拖拉机侧翻致死致伤事故仍时有发生的问题，基于旋转刚体加速时的反向施矩原理，以反作用动量飞轮为执行元件，提出了从主动安全角度解决拖拉机侧翻问题的研究方法。通过构建拖拉机动力学系统数学模型，解析了整机侧翻行为的动态演变机理。为保证拖拉机主体结构的完整性，将动量飞轮置于拖拉机前部，取代传统静态配重的同时可主动提供防侧翻力矩。应用Matlab/Simulink软件，对反作用飞轮的回稳过程进行了基于PID控制的有效性仿真分析，同时设计并搭建了比例模型试验平台，对主动施矩飞轮的回稳控制效果进行了试验验证。结果表明，装备飞轮的拖拉机与无控制组对比，在一次试验中可多次实现整机的防侧翻控制，使整机防侧翻性能得到明显改善，且不同行驶工况下的试验数据与仿真结果的相关性较强，充分验证了本文拖拉机侧翻动力学模型的有效性。     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.     

Survey on Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae,Diptera) in Austria

Fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the genus Bactrocera are among the most serious orchard pests worldwide but are not native to Austria. The unexpected finding of one Bactrocera zonata adult in Vienna in 2011 initiated increasing survey efforts in Austria since 2012. Traps with male attracting lures were employed at several sites during the fruiting periods and catches were analysed. At sites in Vienna (urban area) Bactrocera specimens were trapped between 2012 and 2018, whereas no Bactrocera specimens were caught in agricultural areas or commercial orchards outside the city. Twelve specimens were identified as B. zonata and nine specimens as B. dorsalis sensu lato, though for the latter it was not possible to distinguish between B. dorsalis s.l. and B. carambolae using molecular analysis (ITS1). Molecular sequencing showed that the specimens caught were genetically different (with only a few exceptions), indicating genetically different origins. It is evident that the repeated findings of Bactrocera specimens in Vienna, where winter temperatures do not allow the establishment of tropical fruit flies, are linked to repeated entries of juveniles with infested fruits (in luggage or consignments). The results of our study reveal the need to strengthen phytosanitary import requirements for fruit commodities and travellers’ luggage in order to protect fruit production in Austria and probably in other countries.     

Influence of temperature,humidity duration and growth stage on the infection and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium poae in oats

High occurrence of Fusarium poae (FP) and Fusarium langsethiae (FL) and their mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 have been observed in Swiss oats. Early prediction of mycotoxin levels is important for farmers and the cereal industry to minimize the risk of contaminated food and feed. Therefore, climate chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different temperatures (10, 15, 20 °C) and durations (4, 8, 12 h) at 99% relative humidity (RH) on the infection of oats with FP and FL. In addition, to discover the most susceptible period of oats, artificial FL inoculations were conducted at different growth stages. Field experiments were performed to observe the dispersal of these fungal species within the field and to investigate the weather conditions that influence the dispersal. The climate chamber experiments revealed higher contamination with NIV and T-2/HT-2 in the 10 °C treatments and with a prolonged humidity duration of 12 h 99% RH. Inoculations of oat plants at early (DC 61) and mid (DC 65) anthesis, led to higher FL infection and T-2/HT-2 accumulation in the grains compared with treatments at earlier growth stages, which might be due to an increased susceptibility during anthesis. No indication for spore dispersal was observed in the field experiments. The results obtained, together with the cropping factors that influence infection and mycotoxin production, could be used as a first step in developing forecasting models to predict the contamination of oats with the mycotoxins NIV and T-2/HT-2.     

不同辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性评价

近年来象耳豆根结线虫的危害日益严重.为筛选抗象耳豆根结线虫的辣椒种质,本试验利用种属特异性引物对根结线虫病原物开展分子鉴定,确定为象耳豆根结线虫.接着采用室内人工接种法,对10份一年生辣椒种质和10份中国辣椒种质进行象耳豆根结线虫抗性鉴定,计算根结指数和卵粒指数,并通过比较隶属函数,发现其中3份辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫表现为高抗,抗病性最强的是L518M和L525-1M,L42M次之;10份表现为中抗;7份表现为感病,抗病能力最弱的是L69-1M;未发现免疫品种.本研究发现中国辣椒种质的抗病性整体高于一年生辣椒,是重要的抗病种质来源,可用于象耳豆根结线虫抗病育种和后续抗病机理的研究.     

Exogenous application of allelopathic water extracts helps improving tolerance against terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.)

The allelopathic water extracts (AWEs) may help improve the tolerance of crop plants against abiotic stresses owing to the presence of the secondary metabolites (i.e., allelochemicals). We conducted four independent experiments to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of AWEs (applied through seed priming or foliage spray) in improving the terminal heat and drought tolerance in bread wheat. In all the experiments, two wheat cultivars, viz. Mairaj‐2008 (drought and heat tolerant) and Faisalabad‐2008 (drought and heat sensitive), were raised in pots. Both wheat cultivars were raised under ambient conditions in the wire house till leaf boot stage (booting) by maintaining the pots at 75% water‐holding capacity (WHC). Then, managed drought and heat stresses were imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% WHC, or shifting the pots inside the glass canopies (at 75% WHC), at booting, anthesis and the grain filling stages. Drought stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 39%–49%. Foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield of wheat by 26%–31%, while seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 18%–26%, respectively, than drought stress. Terminal heat stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 38%. Seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 21%–27%; while foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield by 25%–29% than the heat stress treatment. In conclusion, the exogenous application of AWEs improved the stay green, accumulation of proline, soluble phenolics and glycine betaine, which helped to stabilize the biological membranes and improved the tolerance against terminal drought and heat stresses.