Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages

A field experiment was performed to explore responses of carbon metabolism, antioxidant system and endogenous hormone content of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958) to waterlogging at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and the 10th day after the tasselling stage (10VT). Results showed that waterlogging significantly decreased the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), compared to those of CK. However, leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly increased by waterlogging at different stages, with the most significant increase was found in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 (V3‐W), with an increase of 30% and 29% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively. Waterlogging significantly decreased antioxidative enzyme activities, accelerating leaf senescence, resulted in the disorder of leaf gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In addition, waterlogging decreased key enzyme activities of carbon metabolism (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), with the most significant reduction in V3‐W, with a decrease of 46% and 49% for DH605, and 53% and 55% for ZD958, respectively. Visibly, waterlogging disturbed carbon metabolism, affected plant endogenous hormone content, accelerated leaf senescence and eventually resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristic and grain yield. V3 was most susceptible to waterlogging, followed by V6 and 10VT.     

植保无人机昼夜作业的雾滴沉积特性及棉蚜防效对比

针对无人机在棉蚜防治过程中夜间作业雾滴沉积特性和防效未知、目标喷洒区域雾滴沉积规律不明确等问题,该研究采用P20植保无人机进行棉蚜防治试验,对比了无人机白天和夜间作业时棉花植株不同部位的雾滴沉积规律及棉蚜防效,以常规喷杆喷雾机和喷枪为对照。结果表明,无人机白天和夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量及覆盖率差异显著,相同作业参数下,夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量平均比白天多42.82%,覆盖率平均比白天增加51.04%;夜间作业的雾滴穿透性较好,棉花植株的中下层及叶片背面雾滴沉积数量均多于白天。夜间作业时,棉花植株中、下层的雾滴沉积数量平均占垂直方向上雾滴总数量的比例分别为34.79%和22.07%,白天平均占33.27%和21.89%,喷枪为29.50%和19.98%,喷杆喷雾机为43.30%和15.84%;无人机夜间作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量平均占正反面总雾滴沉积数量的19.80%,白天作业占14.18%,夜间比白天多39.63%,各层叶片背面的雾滴沉积数量表现为上层下层中层;总体上,无人机作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量比例不超过25%,喷枪及喷杆喷雾机作业的叶片背面雾滴数量少,分别占7.09%和0.20%;在棉花花铃期和蕾期作业时,为提高雾滴沉积数量和雾滴穿透性,建议将无人机作业参数设置为飞行高度1.5～2 m,飞行速度3～4 m/s,选用较大的喷洒量,因为只有无人机下压风场不削弱、雾滴不大量损失的前提下,旋翼风场才能有效促进雾滴穿透性。就雾滴沉积数量和棉蚜防效关系而言,药后第1天棉蚜减退率与叶片背面雾滴沉积数量呈正相关关系,因受天敌影响药后第10天二者关联性不高。试验表明,无人机夜间作业更有利于棉蚜防治,其防效显著优于白天作业和其他2种常规设备,且农药剂量减少20%对棉蚜防效无显著影响。该研究结果可为植保无人机作业参数的合理设置提供参考,为棉蚜有效防控提供科学依据。     

Habitat associations of the Threatened pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) at the northern edge of the species range

Pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) is a small, reclusive species that is widespread in North America, but is one of the rarest fishes in Canada, found in less than 12 known localities in southwestern Ontario. In contrast to most pugnose minnow populations across the global range, Canadian populations are primarily found in turbid systems, potentially indicating persistence in suboptimal conditions. We used data from a multi-gear species and habitat survey in the Canard River, Ontario, a system dominated by agricultural inputs and the best-known capture site of the species in Canada, to parameterise multi-gear occupancy models for understanding the relationship between pugnose minnow occupancy and microhabitat features, including the role of turbidity. Almost 300 pugnose minnow were captured, representing the largest single collection of the species in Canadian history. The best occupancy model indicated that the probability of pugnose minnow occupancy was highest in the deepest sites with the lowest water clarity (i.e. high turbidity); however, competing models suggested that occupancy was highest at sites with wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and higher water clarity, signifying that habitats with low turbidity may be utilised if sufficient physical cover exists. Together, our results suggest that Canadian pugnose minnow populations occupy and potentially favour turbid conditions, possibly to avoid visual predators in clearer habitats. It remains uncertain whether this abiotic association represents a long-term, viable, local adaptation or whether persistence of pugnose minnow in the Canard River is at risk unless significant water quality improvements can be made.     

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Foaling-Related Parameters of Jennies (Equus asinus) Under Smallholder Farm Conditions in Northeast China

It is important to assess the reproductive efficiency and improve the reproductive management to promote the donkey population development. The overall foaling-related parameters of jennies under smallholder farm conditions in China were hardly under investigation. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 694 smallholder farms was conducted in 40 villages in the north, east, and south areas of Western Liaoning Province and Eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between March and July, 2017. Foaling-related parameters were assessed such as the mean age at first foaling, foaling rate and foaling interval during 2014–2017. Only two-thirds of the adult jennies foaled during the 3-year survey period and delivered a foal every 1.9 years. The mean age at first foaling was 45.3 months. The lowest incidence of foaling rate was in coincidence with the peak of foaling. The overall mean values for the foaling rate and foaling interval were 75% and 500.5 days, respectively. Significant changes of foaling rates before the age of 15 years and foaling intervals in the first 8 parities were not observed. The results indicate that the jennies could maintain relatively fine foaling-related parameters under smallholder farm conditions in northeast of China. However, the foaling rates hardly remained high during the whole breeding season represented a major loss to the donkey breeding.     

罗氏沼虾低温有水保活试验

通过对保活温度(12、15、17、20、23、25 ℃)，虾与水质量比(1∶6、1∶8、1∶10、1∶12、1∶15)和暂养时间(0、12、24、36、48 h) 3个因素的单因素试验和正交试验，确定罗氏沼虾低温保活的最佳工艺条件，并检测低温保活过程中的水质指标及肌肉、血液、肝脏等虾体组织指标的变化，探究影响罗氏沼虾的保活机理。结果表明：罗氏沼虾的临界温度为9 ℃；单因素试验中，最佳保活温度为20 ℃，最佳虾与水质量比为1∶10，最佳暂养时间为24 h；正交试验中，最优工艺为保活温度20 ℃、虾与水质量比1∶12、暂养时间24 h，保活24 h内存活率可达100%；以正交优化后的最优工艺条件进行罗氏沼虾的低温保活试验，水样中氨氮质量浓度和菌落总数显著上升(P＜0.05)，但溶解氧质量浓度、pH均仍在适宜罗氏沼虾存活范围内变化，肌肉糖原质量分数、pH和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)质量分数下降，乳酸浓度显著上升(P＜0.05)，血液谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著上升(P＜0.05)，肝脏糖原质量分数显著下降(P＜0.05)，总超氧化物歧化酶(T–SOD)活力先降后升，而丙二醛(MDA)含量则先升后降。说明水质指标的变化会影响虾体肌肉、血液及肝脏各组织正常的生理代谢，从而影响其保活时间和存活率。     

造林密度对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响

三倍体杨树具有突出的营养生长优势，研究造林密度对三倍体毛白杨杂种无性系径向生长的影响规律，可为三倍体毛白杨工业用材林营建和经营管理提供理论指导。以定植于河北威县的11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系（B301、B331和S86）以及二倍体毛白杨对照无性系1316密度试验林为研究对象，研究造林密度（2 490、1 665、1 110、825、615、495株/hm²和405株/hm²）对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响。结果表明，造林密度和无性系以及造林密度与无性系间的交互效应均对三倍体白杨杂种无性系的胸径生长具有极显著的影响，以495株/hm²造林密度条件下三倍体白杨杂种无性系S86的胸径生长量最大，平均胸径达25.1 cm；三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、S86的胸径生长量显著大于无性系B331和二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316；无性系对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有极显著的影响，造林密度对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有显著的影响。三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、B331、S86以及二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316内部个体间胸径与树皮厚度均呈现正相关，说明树皮厚度随着胸径生长量的增大而增厚。研究结果对于认识造林密度对杨树径向生长的影响和指导三倍体白杨良种无性系的推广具有重要意义。     

基于全基因组填充重测序关联分析鉴别影响苏山猪初生体尺与乳头数性状的遗传位点

旨在鉴别影响苏山猪初生体尺和乳头数性状的遗传位点,开发可用于辅助育种的分子标记,为苏山猪生长和繁殖性能的持续选育提供理论基础。本试验对269头苏山猪初生仔猪(出生后24 h内)的体尺和乳头数表型进行测定,并采集耳组织样品。基于全基因组重测序及基因型填充策略,利用全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)和群体分化指数(fixation index,Fst)的方法挖掘与目的性状强关联位点,并对位置功能候选基因开展GO和KEGG分析,确定最有可能的主效基因。本研究共鉴别到4个候选位点,分布在13、14和X染色体上,其中与初生体尺性状显著关联的位点有2个,与乳头数性状显著关联的位点有2个。本研究筛选出1个与体长性状相关的候选基因ACTA2;1个与胸围性状相关的候选基因COL4A6;3个与乳头数性状相关的候选基因ACTA2、CRTAP和SEPTIN6,为苏山猪初生体尺性状和乳头数性状的遗传改良提供了重要的分子标记。     

国内外致泻大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7的检测标准比较及建议

致泻大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7（STEC O157:H7）是大肠埃希氏菌中致病性最严重的一种食源性致病菌,主要存在于牛肉、牛奶、水果及其制品中,对身体健康造成很大危害,甚至引发死亡。食品中STEC O157:H7检测尤为重要。本文对国内外STEC O157:H7的检测标准进行比较,提出我国标准在样品前处理、快速筛选方法的应用等方面需要加强,以便为该菌快速准确检测提供帮助,实现与国际标准化体系建设接轨,满足实验室检测需要。     

塞罕坝林场主要树种一元立木地径材积表的编制

本文根据塞罕坝林场4个树种(樟子松、落叶松、白桦和山杨)的胸径、地径调查材料,利用胸径、地径之间存在的显著直线相关关系,分树种建立经验方程,求算出各径阶的胸径、地径对应值,通过一元立木材积式,导引出一元立木地径材积式(表)。     

从国内外林木育种进展谈福建省林木育种工作

本文回顾了国内林木育种工作的进展情况，介绍了林业发达国家林木育种的特点，并对福建省林木育种工作提出建议。