植保无人机昼夜作业的雾滴沉积特性及棉蚜防效对比

针对无人机在棉蚜防治过程中夜间作业雾滴沉积特性和防效未知、目标喷洒区域雾滴沉积规律不明确等问题,该研究采用P20植保无人机进行棉蚜防治试验,对比了无人机白天和夜间作业时棉花植株不同部位的雾滴沉积规律及棉蚜防效,以常规喷杆喷雾机和喷枪为对照。结果表明,无人机白天和夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量及覆盖率差异显著,相同作业参数下,夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量平均比白天多42.82%,覆盖率平均比白天增加51.04%;夜间作业的雾滴穿透性较好,棉花植株的中下层及叶片背面雾滴沉积数量均多于白天。夜间作业时,棉花植株中、下层的雾滴沉积数量平均占垂直方向上雾滴总数量的比例分别为34.79%和22.07%,白天平均占33.27%和21.89%,喷枪为29.50%和19.98%,喷杆喷雾机为43.30%和15.84%;无人机夜间作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量平均占正反面总雾滴沉积数量的19.80%,白天作业占14.18%,夜间比白天多39.63%,各层叶片背面的雾滴沉积数量表现为上层下层中层;总体上,无人机作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量比例不超过25%,喷枪及喷杆喷雾机作业的叶片背面雾滴数量少,分别占7.09%和0.20%;在棉花花铃期和蕾期作业时,为提高雾滴沉积数量和雾滴穿透性,建议将无人机作业参数设置为飞行高度1.5～2 m,飞行速度3～4 m/s,选用较大的喷洒量,因为只有无人机下压风场不削弱、雾滴不大量损失的前提下,旋翼风场才能有效促进雾滴穿透性。就雾滴沉积数量和棉蚜防效关系而言,药后第1天棉蚜减退率与叶片背面雾滴沉积数量呈正相关关系,因受天敌影响药后第10天二者关联性不高。试验表明,无人机夜间作业更有利于棉蚜防治,其防效显著优于白天作业和其他2种常规设备,且农药剂量减少20%对棉蚜防效无显著影响。该研究结果可为植保无人机作业参数的合理设置提供参考,为棉蚜有效防控提供科学依据。

Comparison of droplet deposition characteristics and cotton aphid control effect of plant protection UAV working during the day and night

Plant protection UAV is characterized by high efficiency, safe operation and strong applicability, it has developed rapidly in recent years and has become one of the main prevention and control methods for pests and diseases. However, there still has some problems during the process of controlling cotton aphids, such as the droplet deposition law in the target spray area is not clear, the operating parameters are set unreasonably, and the droplet deposition characteristics and control effect for night operations are unknown. To solve the problems mentioned above, the experiments were carried out at the Korla Test Base of the Institute of Plant Protection of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2018 and 2019. P20 plant protection UAV was adopted with different operating parameters (at flight speed of 3, 4 and 5 m/s, flight height of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m, spray volume of 7.5, 11.3 and 15 L/hm2) to spray pesticides during the day and night, and the boom sprayer and spray gun were used as control devices. The Latin hypercube method was used in test design and each treatment was repeated 3 times. The test results showed that there was a significant difference in the number of droplets between day and night operations. Under the same operating parameters, the number of droplets deposited at night was on average 42.82% higher than that during the day, and the coverage rate of droplets was increased by 51.04%. At the same time, the penetration of droplets was better at night, and the number of droplets deposited in the middle and lower layers of cotton plant and the back side of the leaves were more than that in daytime. During night operations, the average number of droplets deposited in the middle and lower layers of cotton plant accounted for 34.79% and 22.07% of the total number of droplets in the vertical direction, and averaged 33.27% and 21.89% during the day, and that of the spray guns were 29.50% and 19.98%, boom sprayer were 43.30% and 15.84%. The average number of droplets deposited on the leaves back of the night operation accounted for 19.80% of the total number of droplets deposited on the front and back side of leaf, and 14.18% in the daytime, the number of droplets deposited on the back side of leaf of each sampling layer of plant was upper layer> lower layer> middle layer. In general, the proportion of droplets deposited on the leaf back did not exceed 25% for UAV operation. Droplets deposited on the leaf back was less for spraying by spray gun and boom sprayer operation, which accounting for 7.09% and 0.20%, respectively. During cotton flowering and bud stage, in order to increase the number of droplets deposited and the penetrability of the droplets, it is recommended to set the UAV operating parameters to a flight height of 1.5 to 2 m, a flight speed of 3 to 4 m / s, and a large spraying volume, because the rotor wind field can effectively promote the penetration of the droplets only if the drone does not weaken the wind field and the droplets are not lost. In terms of the relationship between the reduction rate of cotton aphids and the number of droplet deposited on the back side of the leaves, they are positively correlated with each other on 1st day after application, but no correlation on 10th day because natural enemies. The results also showed UAV application at night is more effective to control cotton aphid compared with application in daytime, and a 20% reduction on the pesticide dose had no significant effect on the control effect of cotton aphid. This research can provide reference for the reasonable operating parameters setting of plant protection UAV, and also provide a scientific basis for the effective prevention and control of cotton aphids.