A Cross-Sectional Survey of Foaling-Related Parameters of Jennies (Equus asinus) Under Smallholder Farm Conditions in Northeast China |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China;2. Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China;1. UNIPAC- Faculdade Presidente Antônio Carlos, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;3. UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;4. UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;5. UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Department of Biostatistics, Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO;2. Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO;3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO;1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL;2. Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;3. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY;1. School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;2. School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland;2. University Center of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland;3. Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland;4. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland |
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| Abstract: | It is important to assess the reproductive efficiency and improve the reproductive management to promote the donkey population development. The overall foaling-related parameters of jennies under smallholder farm conditions in China were hardly under investigation. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 694 smallholder farms was conducted in 40 villages in the north, east, and south areas of Western Liaoning Province and Eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between March and July, 2017. Foaling-related parameters were assessed such as the mean age at first foaling, foaling rate and foaling interval during 2014–2017. Only two-thirds of the adult jennies foaled during the 3-year survey period and delivered a foal every 1.9 years. The mean age at first foaling was 45.3 months. The lowest incidence of foaling rate was in coincidence with the peak of foaling. The overall mean values for the foaling rate and foaling interval were 75% and 500.5 days, respectively. Significant changes of foaling rates before the age of 15 years and foaling intervals in the first 8 parities were not observed. The results indicate that the jennies could maintain relatively fine foaling-related parameters under smallholder farm conditions in northeast of China. However, the foaling rates hardly remained high during the whole breeding season represented a major loss to the donkey breeding. |
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| Keywords: | Donkey Age at first foaling Foaling rate Foaling interval Smallholder |
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