滇中冷凉山区不同播期反季花椰菜产量效益分析

为摸索滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期以集成高效栽培技术推广应用,于2017—2018年选择海拔2250 m的云南省峨山县塔甸镇大西村地块进行9个播期的2年随机区组试验。结果表明,花椰菜生育期随播期推迟而延长,而花球采收期除播期7月10日外随播期推迟而逐渐增长;花椰菜株高、外叶数、开展度、球高、球径和单球重等农艺性状有随播期延迟呈现先逐渐减小而后又逐渐增大的趋势;莲座期黑腐病和霜霉病的病情指数随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐升高而后又逐渐下降的趋势;花椰菜小区产量随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐下降而后又逐渐提高的趋势,播期4月20日和4月30日与其余7个播期产量之间的差异达极显著水平。综合花椰菜在冷凉山区反季节栽培的生产实际和各播期产量产值及商品性表现,推荐滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期为4月20—30日。     

甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米微球作为口蹄疫病毒核酸疫苗递送载体的特性评价

旨在对制备的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly （D，L-lactide-co-glycolide），PLGA]纳米微球作为口蹄疫病毒（foot-and-mouth disease virus，FMDV）核酸疫苗递送载体进行评价。采用西佛碱反应和元素分析制备具有一定取代度的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖衍生物（mannose modified chitosan，MCS），然后，经双重乳化挥发法制备得到甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖PLGA纳米微球（MCS-PLGA-NPs）。采用纳米粒径仪检测MCS-PLGA-NPs粒径分布和表面电势（zeta）、扫描电镜考察其形态、琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察其对质粒的吸附和吸附质粒后抵抗核酸酶降解能力、CCK-8法检测MCS-PLGA-NPs的细胞毒性、激光共聚焦观察巨噬细胞对MCS-PLGA-NPs-质粒DNA复合物的摄取、荧光显微镜和Western blot验证MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA在细胞中的表达。元素分析结果表明，成功制备了取代度为5%~10%的MCS。纳米粒径测定和扫描电镜结果表明，MCS-PLGA-NPs的zeta为正值、粒径分布均匀且形态规则呈球形。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示，MCS-PLGA-NPs吸附质粒的能力随着其质量的增加而增强并且可以在一定程度上抵抗核酸酶降解质粒DNA。在细胞毒性试验中，不同浓度的MCS-PLGA-NPs与RAW264.7细胞共孵育24 h后，细胞存活率仍在85%以上。在细胞摄取试验中，用激光共聚焦显微镜可以明显观察到质粒DNA结合到纳米微球表面被RAW264.7细胞摄取。荧光显微镜和Western blot试验证明MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA可以在细胞中进行表达。综上表明，本研究成功制备了MCS以及具有递送核酸疫苗能力的MCS-PLGA-NPs，为FMDV核酸疫苗的递送研究提供了新的方向和见解，也为该递送载体携带特定抗原靶向抗原递呈细胞表面甘露糖受体以及应用于动物免疫的研究奠定基础。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

过氧化氢(H2O2)介导的光合诱导系统信号

研究光照玉米幼苗顶部叶片产生的系统信号对底部叶片光合诱导过程的影响,探讨玉米叶片对光斑高效利用可能机制.以玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗为试验材料,光照其顶部叶片,其余叶片处于遮蔽状态,利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定玉米幼苗底部叶片光合诱导过程.通过预先光照玉米幼苗顶部叶片,底部叶片光合诱导过程从最低值到达最高值所需时间显著缩短,中间叶片光合诱导过程T50和T90分别下降,底部叶片光合诱导过程T50和T90分别下降29％和37％.玉米叶片全部遮荫条件下,底部叶片喷施过氧化氢(H2O2)促进光合诱导过程.三氯乙酸(TCA)和二苯基碘化钾(DPI)处理玉米顶部叶片基部,即使顶部叶片受到预光照,也无法改变底部叶片光合诱导过程.预先光照玉米顶部叶片,产生系统信号,信号物质为H2O2,通过韧皮部转运,可调节其他叶片光合诱导过程,有利于玉米底部叶片对动态光能利用和碳积累.该系统信号对玉米冠层底部叶片高效利用光斑发挥重要作用.     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.     

内蒙古草原家庭牧场可持续发展研究

内蒙古草原作为全球干旱、半干旱区的重要组成部分，是诸多研究关注的热点区域。家庭牧场作为内蒙古草原基本的生产和管理单元，探析其可持续发展有助于为实现区域可持续发展提供科学依据。本研究阐述了内蒙古草原家庭牧场的形成历程及定义；并分别侧重自然生态系统、社会经济系统、自然-经济-社会复合生态系统3个方面总结了其研究进展；最后分别在坚持草牧业发展理念、依托景观可持续性科学指导、加强3个界面耦合研究、扩展沙地草原、关注未来发展模式、重视技术支撑等6个方面就内蒙古草原家庭牧场进行了研究展望。希望本研究在为内蒙古草原可持续发展提供科学支撑的同时，亦能为全球干旱、半干旱草原区的可持续发展提供参考。     

雪山草鸡感染传染性法氏囊病病毒新型变异株的鉴定

传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)新型变异株正在我国广泛蔓延,给商品肉鸡群和蛋鸡群带来了新的威胁。本研究对一个疑似发生非典型传染性法氏囊病的地方品种雪山草鸡群进行了RT-PCR检测,并对分离的3株毒株进行了基因测序及序列分析。结果显示,引起该鸡群发病的病原是IBDV新型变异株,属于A2dB1基因型;这3个毒株的VP2高变区编码蛋白上含有IBDV变异株的特征性氨基酸,也具有IBDV新型变异株的独特氨基酸。结果提示,我国地方品种鸡群中也有IBDV新型变异株的流行,现有的部分商品化IBDV疫苗已不能有效预防IBDV新型变异株的流行。     

月桂酸单甘油酯对花鲈脂质代谢的影响

为评价月桂酸单甘油酯(Glycerol monolaurate,GML)对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)脂质代谢的影响,文章通过基础饲料拌喂0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、1000 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)、2000 mg·kg^-1(中剂量组)和4000 mg·kg^-1(高剂量组)的GML,养殖均质量为(230±20)g的花鲈8周。结果显示:1)添加GML组的腹脂率均显著降低,肝体比第4周明显降低(P<0.05);2)低剂量和中剂量组的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度和天冬氨酸转氨酶活性均低于高剂量组(P<0.05);3)中剂量组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度均高于其他组(P<0.05);4)添加GML组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽浓度均有升高,而丙二醛浓度显著降低(P<0.05);5)添加GML组的肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性降低,且脂质沉积明显减少(P<0.05);脂蛋白脂酶活性均显著下降,中剂量组显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。综上,饲料中添加GML能够显著改善花鲈脂质代谢,该实验条件下,GML最适拌料量为2000 mg·kg^-1。