Differences of the Photosynthetic Properties and Nitrogen Accumulation between Island Cotton and Upland Cotton

[Objective] Under the same cultivation conditions, we explored the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between upland cotton and sea-island cotton, and their dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and distribution patterns during the blooming period, to provide a theoretical basis for irrigation and fertilization of island cotton. [Method] Using Xinluzhong 75, Xinluzhong 54, Xinhai 35 and Xinhai 48 as materials, we tested the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), leaf temperature, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and distribution characteristics under the same management conditions. [Result] After the flowering stage, when compared with island cotton, the P_n of upland cotton was higher, but the leaf temperature and light illumination were lower. However, the difference in effect of stomatal conductance (G_s) on P_n between island cotton and upland cotton was small. The dry matter accumulation of shoots and the daily accumulation of shoots and reproductive organs in the whole growth period were higher for upland than for island cotton, with a lower dry matter proportion of reproductive organs in the early growth period, and higher in the late period for upland than for island cotton. When compared with Xinhai 48, the initiation of rapid nitrogen accumulation of Xinluzhong 54 was later and its duration was shorter, but the maximum nitrogen accumulation rate was higher; however, the initiation of rapid accumulation time of reproductive organs was later, and its rapid accumulation duration was longer. [Conclusion] The dry matter output efficiency, accumulation in reproductive organs and nitrogen accumulation in the later growth period of island cotton were lower than those in upland cotton. Therefore, under production conditions, the proportions of water and fertilizer use should be increased for island cotton according to different regions.     

Preliminary Screening of Low Nitrogen-Tolerant Cotton Genotypes at Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen cotton varieties (lines) able to tolerate low nitrogen conditions, thereby tapping the potential of cotton to absorb and utilize nitrogen. [Method] This study analyzed the differences and correlations between the main cotton agronomic traits under two nitrogen levels using the sand culture method and 270 cotton varieties from different generations in three major cotton regions as materials. Principal component analysis and the membership function method were used to screen for low nitrogen-tolerant cotton varieties. [Result] The seven agronomic traits of 270 varieties varied greatly with different nitrogen levels. The coefficients of variation were all above 10 except for the SPAD value in four batches, and root biomass and cotton plant biomass in the first batch under low nitrogen level. The variation coefficient of nitrogen accumulation reached 60.02. The maximum relative value of SPAD, leaf area, and root biomass was greater than 80% in the first batch. The maximum relative values of SPAD, plant height, root biomass, shoot biomass, and cotton plant biomass were greater than 80% in the third and fourth batches, indicating that there are low nitrogen-tolerant genotypes in the selected materials. [Conclusion] Preliminary screening identified 32 low nitrogen-tolerant cultivars, including CCRI 35, CCRI 69, Yumian 12, Xinluzao 12, and Xinluzao 23. Furthermore, 32 varieties sensitive to nitrogen stress, including CCRI 64, CCRI 662, Xinluzhong 15, and Xinluzao 53, were identified.     

Effects of Low Phosphorus Stress on Root Morphology and Physiological Characteristics of Different Cotton Genotypes at the Seedling Stage

[Objective] Phosphorus is one of three major required nutrients for cotton growth and development. A phosphorus deficiency will lead to retarded cotton growth, undeveloped roots, and the abscission of buds and bolls, which results in serious reductions in cotton yield and quality. While applied phosphorus is easily fixed in soils, it is mostly transferred to occluded P, which is not available to plants. Therefore, this study aimed to provide theoretical support for the study of response mechanisms to low phosphorus stress and the efficient phosphorus uptake and utilization of different cotton genotypes. [Method] The effects of phosphorus accumulation and utilization, leaf photosynthetic characteristics and root morphology of two genotypes of cotton (CCRI 79 and SCRC 28) were studied in hydroponic cultures having different phosphorus concentrations. [Result] CCRI 79 had higher phosphorus utilization rates of 90.92 mg·mg^－1 at the low phosphorus level (KH2PO4 1.0×10^－5 mol·L^－1) and 23.09 mg·mg^－1 at the high phosphorus level (KH2PO4 0.5 mol·L－1) compared with SCRC 28. When phosphorus was deficient, the total root length, total root surface area and total root volume of SCRC 28 increased by 13.05%, 18.78% and 10.50%, respectively, while the total root length, total root surface area and total root volume of CCRI 79 decreased significantly. [Conclusion] Here, we found that SCRC 28 had a root morphology and physiological characteristics that allowed it to adapt to low phosphorusstress, while CCRI 79 utilized phosphorus more efficiently.     

Effects of Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on Photosynthetic Physiology of CottonSeedlings under Low Temperature

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the photosynthetic physiology of cotton seedlings under low temperature and to provide basis for improving the cold tolerance of cotton by using EBR as growth regulator. [Method] Taking CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 as materials, a field experiment was carried out in Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS(Anyang county, Henan province). Before the first low temperature treatment, the cotton seedlings were sprayed with distilled water (Control) and different concentrations of EBR (0.1 mg·L^－1 and 0.2 mg·L^－1), respectively. After 3 days, the relative electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) and fluorescence parameters were measured. [Result] Under low temperature, the relative conductivity of CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 spraying with EBR decreased by 17.7%～32.8% compared with control, and there was no significant difference between CCRI 60 and Lumianyan 28 in different concentrations of EBR treatments, butthe relative conductivity of Simian 3 treating with 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR was significantly lower than those treatments with 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR . The chl a and chl b contents increased by 9.7%～32.6% and 15.0%～18.9%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_M) and photosynthetic performance index on absorption basis(PI_ABS) increased significantly. PI_ABS of CCRI 60 increase the maximum by 75.6% using 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR. Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 increased the maximum by 101.1% and 265.6% using 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR, respectively; Absorbed photon flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), electron transport flux (further than QA) per active reactive center (ETo/RC) and probability for electron transport (φEo) are significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous EBR can enhance the ability of low temperature tolerance of cotton seedlings and alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis in cotton at low temperature. The study showed that 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR performs well in CCRI 60 and 0.2 mg·L^－1 in Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Soil Nitrogen Content,Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Cotton in Low Fertility Fields

[Objective] The effects of nitrogen (N) application rates on cotton yield, nutrient uptake and utilization rate, soil available N and urease activity were investigated in low-fertility cotton fields of the Yellow River Basin. [Methods] Six N application rate treatments, 0, 90, 180, 270, 360 and 450 kg·hm^－2 (N0, N90, N180, N270, N360 and N450, respectively), were established using cotton CCRI 79 in the field during 2016 and 2017. The cotton yield, dry matter quality, N, phosphorus and potassium accumulation levels, N use efficiency, 0–100-cm soil layer ammonium and nitrate N contents, 0–100-cm soil layer urease activity and other indicators were investigated. [Results] (1) Compared with N0, the N treatments significantly increased seed cotton yield, except the N90 treatment in 2016. Two years of N360 treatments significantly increased the number of bolls per cotton plant, while no significant differences were found among the seed cotton yields with other N treatments. The N application rates had no significant effect on lint percentage. (2) Compared with N0, N applications significantly increased the cotton dry matter accumulation. The accumulation of N, phosphorus and potassium in cotton increased along with the N application rates in the 90–360 kg·hm^－2 range. The levels of N, phosphorus and potassium in N450-treated cotton decreased compared with N360-treated cotton. As the N application rates increased, the N agronomic efficiency and N fertilizer partial productivity of cotton decreased. When the N application rates exceeded 360 kg·hm^－2, the N physiological efficiency began to decrease, but there were no significant differences among treatments. (3) The nitrate N contents in the 41–80-cm soil layers of the treatments, except for N90, significantly increased compared with N0. The nitrate N contents in the 41–80-cm soil layers of N270-, N360- and N450-treated cotton were significantly increased compared with those of N0, N90 and N180. However, N applications had no significant effects on the ammonium N contents in the soil. (4) The soil urease activities increased when N application rates were less than 360 kg·hm^－2, and then decreased when the N application rates were greater than 360 kg·hm^－2. [Conclusion] The optimum N application rate was 277.0 kg·hm^－2. When the N application rates were greater than 360 kg·hm^－2, the nitrate N contents in the soil increased. However, the nutrient accumulation levels and the N fertilization efficiencies decreased, and the soil urease activities were inhibited. No obvious increase in cotton yield was observed.     

行距对机采棉干物质积累及氮磷利用效率的影响

【目的】新疆棉花生产的主要环节均已实现机械化,但采摘环节仍大量使用人工,农机农艺不协调是导致机收比例低的主要原因。优化机采棉行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的有效途径,因此本研究通过设置不同的机采棉行距,探究其对棉花产量形成及养分利用的影响,为机采棉行距配置的优化提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,选择生产中最佳密度,在密度一致基础上,设置"一膜三行"(S1,平均行距76 cm)、"一膜四行"(S2,平均行距57 cm)、"一膜六行"(S3,平均行距38 cm)3种行距,其中S3处理为常规机采行距(CK),研究行距对棉花干物质积累、分配以及对产量形成及氮、磷养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同行距下棉花干物质的积累符合Logistic生长函数模型。2年均值表明随着平均行距的降低,单株干物质积累总量降低43.3%,干物质最大积累速率降低(1.4 g·株-1·d-1),快速积累期起始时间从出苗后51.4 d逐渐推迟至62.5 d,但快速积累持续时长从19.7 d增加至35.1 d。增加行距显著提高单株成铃(0.9个),对铃重及衣分无显著影响,籽棉及皮棉产量显著增加16.7%和17.4%。行距对植株养分积累与分配有显著的影响,S1处理氮积累总量(907.0 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(58.3 kg·hm-2)、吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 55.7%和P2O569.1%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(32.1 kg)均最高;而S3处理氮积累总量(664.5 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(38.9 kg·hm-2)最低,S2处理吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 48.5%和P2O560.3%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(28.6 kg)最低。【结论】综合来看,一膜三行下植株养分指标及产量均优于其他行距,更适宜作为高效机采的行距。     

Effects of Foliar Nitrogen Applications on the Absorption of Nitrate Nitrogen by Cotton Roots

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of foliar nitrogen application on nitrate nitrogen uptake and cotton growth. [Method] The experiment was carried out using the ¹⁵N isotopic tracer technique in a greenhouse hydroponic culture experiment. Four foliar treatments were applied; ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, amide nitrogen treatments (all with the same concentration of nitrogen applied), and a water control treatment. [Result] Compared to the water control treatment, the nitrogen contents of the cotton shoots and the whole plant were significantly higher in plants with foliar nitrogen treatments 6 d after application. The nitrogen accumulation in the shoots, roots, and total plants was higher with the ammonium nitrogen treatment, but there was no significant difference among treatments. The isotopic tracer results showed that ¹⁵N accumulation in the shoot and root was 0.794 mg·plant^－1 and 0.318 mg·plant^－1 with the ammonium nitrogen treatment, respectively. These values were higher than the ¹⁵N accumulation with the water control treatment and the amide nitrogen treatment and significantly higher than the nitrate treatment. After foliar application, the plant accumulation of nitrogen via root uptake was approximately 11.35 mg with the ammonium nitrogen treatment. Compared with the water control treatment, the nitrogen uptake efficiency increased by 28.0% with the ammonium nitrogen treatment and reduced by 9.5% and 20.5% with the amide nitrogentreatment and the nitrate treatment, respectively. The proportion of nitrogen from root uptake was about 7:3 between the shoots and the roots with each treatment, indicating that the form of foliar-applied nitrogen did not affect the distribution of nitrate nitrogen via root uptake. [Conclusion] Foliar application of ammonium nitrogen could, therefore, promote nitrate nitrogen uptake by cotton seedling roots.     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

缓释氮肥对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究缓释氮肥运筹对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】2016―2017年以短季棉品种中棉所50为材料,采用小麦后直播的种植方式,设3个缓释肥氮素用量:45、90和135 kg·hm-2,2个施用时期分别为2叶期和4叶期。以常规氮肥尿素(纯氮90 kg·hm-2,CK1)和不施肥为对照(CK2)。【结果】缓释肥氮素90 kg·hm-2,并于2叶、4叶期施用产量较高,其中2017年籽棉产量显著高于其它处理,分别达4198.7和4037.8 kg·hm-2,比对照CK2分别高517.2和356.3 kg·hm-2,干物质积累量也表现为缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2于2叶、4叶期施用较高,其中2017年分别达到14090.5 kg·hm-2、13564.5 kg·hm-2,分别比对照CK2高12.6%和8.4%。氮素积累量表现相似的结果。氮素利用效率结果进一步表明,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量45 kg·hm-2的处理氮素回收利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生理利用率(NPE)都最高,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2的处理其次,如2017年2叶期施缓释肥氮用量45 kg·hm-2处理的上述3个氮素利用效率分别为75.62%、23.68%、77.26%,施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2处理则分别为60.9%、19.9%、46.6%,而对照CK2仅为53.79%、14.12%、40.91%。【结论】小麦后直播棉在2叶期一次性施用缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2能显著提高氮素利用效率,促进群体干物质生产并实现高产,同时达到轻简高效的目的。     

不同基因型棉花地上部干物质积累对氮素的响应

选取有代表性的3个棉花品种(美国抗虫棉33B、常规棉中棉所12和抗虫杂交棉中棉所46),在大田试验条件下测定不同施氮处理下(0、90、180、270、360kg.hm-2)的叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部干物质量和植株氮浓度的动态变化。运用指数线性生长模型对棉花地上部干物质积累过程进行模拟,并用幂函数模拟棉花氮稀释效应。结果表明:(1)棉花地上部干物质增长过程可以用指数线性模型模拟,模型参数能较好地反映基因型和氮肥处理对地上部干物质积累的影响。(2)棉花地上部氮浓度随干物质的增长而降低,模型能较好地反映不同基因型棉花氮素吸收能力的差异。(3)通过对棉花地上部干物质增长和氮稀释效应的模拟分析,认为田间最佳施氮水平为180kg.hm-2,过量施氮对3个棉花品种的干物质积累和地上部植株氮素吸收增加无明显影响。     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

土壤有效磷含量对棉花幼苗干物质积累和碳氮代谢的影响

苗期为棉花对磷吸收最敏感时期,然而现有研究未能明确土壤有效磷含量对苗期棉花干物质积累和碳氮代谢的影响以及适宜的土壤有效磷含量。本研究以"中棉所79"为供试品种,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤有效磷水平下,五叶期棉苗干物质质量、碳氮代谢、功能叶片叶绿素含量及磷的吸收和利用。结果表明,随着土壤有效磷含量的增加,棉苗干物质质量逐渐增加,根冠比逐渐降低;土壤有效磷含量在9.0 mg·kg~(-1)时,棉苗干物质质量达到最大值,根冠比最小;过高的磷素营养对干物质质量的积累没有显著促进作用。叶片叶绿素含量随着土壤有效磷含量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,在土壤有效磷含量为7.2 mg·kg~(-1)时达到最大值。各处理棉苗中的蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉和氨基酸总量先随着土壤有效磷含量的增加呈显著增加趋势,在9.0mg·kg~(-1)时达到最大值,随后开始下降但差异不显著。土壤有效磷含量的增加可以促进棉苗的磷吸收量和磷根效率比,抑制磷利用效率,但对磷转移效率没有显著影响。因此,低磷会降低棉花幼苗叶绿素含量、糖含量和氨基酸总量,导致棉花生长受到抑制,适宜棉花幼苗生长发育的土壤有效磷的临界含量为9.0 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Residual Effect on Cotton Yield and Biomass Accumulation

[Objective] The optimum nitrogen rate of 300 kg·hm^－2 is well documented for cotton in the Yangtze River Valley, China. It can be reduced to 225 kg·hm^－2 without reducing yield in late sowing under high planting density. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of further reducing the nitrogen application rate at the first flower stage, its residual effects and influence on cotton yield formation rule. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted with five nitrogen levels (120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 kg·hm^－2) in 2014, but only 180 kg·hm^－2(for studying nitrogen residual effect) in 2015, to study the cotton growth process, yield and its components and biomass accumulation. [Result] Nitrogen levels significantly affected the yield and biomass accumulation, but not the growth process and nitrogen residual effect. Maximum seed cotton yield (30.5 g·plant^－1), boll weight (3.8 g) and biomass accumulation, especially in the reproductive and vegetative organs, was recorded in the 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen treatment. In the rapid accumulation period, the proportion of biomass accumulation in the reproductive organs was the highest. [Conclusion] In a soil with medium fertility level, the application of 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen was optimal, because the strength of biomass accumulation in reproductive organs increased during the rapid accumulation period.     

The Difference and Mechanism in Tolerance to Low-Potassium among Cotton Seedlings Over-Expressed Arabidopsis AtCIPK 23, AtAKT 1 and AtCBL 1 Genes

[Objective] To provide theoretical basis for potassium efficient cotton breeding, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of low potassium on transgenic cotton seedlings over-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana’s AtCIPK 23, AtAKT 1 and AtCBL 1 genes, respectively. [Method] Hydroponics was used to explore the growth vigor, dry weight, potassium concentration and accumulation of transgenic cotton and CCRI 24 seedlings under low and optimum potassium conditions. Furthermore, the root morphology, potassium utilization index, potassium transport ability and the severity to damage were comprehensively analyzed to uncover the possible physiological mechanisms. [Result] Under the optimum conditions of potassium, the transgenic plants and control grew well and showed no significant difference. However, with low potassium stress, the dry weight of plants over-expressing AtAKT 1 gene was 1.66 times of CCRI 24. Its total root length, root surface area and volume were about 3 times than those of CCRI 24. The AtAKT 1 plants also displayed obvious growth advantage, higher potassium utilization index and transport ability, and the severity to damage was lower. Plants over-expressing AtCIPK 23 and AtCBL 1 genes, however, were almost the same as the CCRI 24. [Conclusion] This study revealed that the ability of cotton’s resistance to low potassium was significantly improved by over-expression of AtAKT 1 gene, an exogenous potassium ion channel protein gene from Arabidopsis thaliana.     

Effects of Exogenous Proline on the Growth,Physiological Characteristics,and Proline Metabolism of Cotton Seedlings under Boron Deficiency Stress

[Objective] This study investigates the effects of exogenous proline on the growth, physiological responses, and proline metabolism of cotton (Ekang No.8) seedlings treated with varying boron (B) concentrations. [Method] We conducted a randomized experiment with six treatments using the hydroponic method in a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University. We applied three different concentrations of boron, including 0.02 μmol·L^－1 (low-concentration B), 2.5 μmol·L^－1 (medium-concentration B), and 100 μmol·L^－1 (sufficient-concentration B). The first two are boron-deficient treatments. We also applied an exogenous proline treatment at 20 μmol·L^－1(0 μmol·L^－1 as control). When any significant difference among the treatments were observed, the related indicator was measured. [Result] The results showed that exogenous proline inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings under sufficient-concentration B treatment while promoting the absorption of B by roots under low-concentration B treatment. The application of exogenous proline to the seedlings under low-concentration B treatment reduced the contents of proline and H₂O₂ in leaves but increased the accumulation of MDA and H₂O₂ in roots. The activities of SOD and antioxidant enzymes (APX) in the roots and leaves were dramatically enhanced. Conversely, POD activity reduced significantly and there was no significant change in CAT activity relative to low-concentration B treatment. More importantly, we found that the application of exogenous proline under B deficiency increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR, OAT (synthetase), and PRODH (degrading enzyme) in proline metabolic pathways. [Conclusion] Applying exogenous proline under sufficient-B concentration inhibits growth. The application of proline to seedlings under low-B concentration promotes the absorption of B by roots, increases the activity of APX, and decreases the membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. A B deficiency leads to proline accumulation in plants. The addition of proline under low-B concentration can reduce the proline content in leaves, which is caused by affecting the critical synthetase and catabolic enzyme activities in the proline metabolism pathway (Glu and Orn pathway). The main reason for this occurrence is the significant increase of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) activity.     

脱落酸对棉花体细胞胚胎发生的影响

【目的】研究脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)对棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程中下胚轴脱分化和再分化的影响,优化体细胞胚胎发生体系和初步解析脱落酸调控棉花体细胞胚胎发生分子机制。【方法】以棉花品种中棉所24(CCRI 24)下胚轴为外植体,设置5个ABA浓度0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08μmol·L^-1,分别以A0、A1、A2、A3、A4表示,添加至MSB(MS培养基+B5维生素)培养基诱导愈伤和胚性愈伤,研究ABA对棉花下胚轴初始细胞脱分化、愈伤组织诱导和胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。【结果】ABA促进下胚轴初始细胞脱分化;显著提高愈伤组织的脱分化率和增殖率;0.02μmol·L^-1ABA显著提高胚性愈伤分化率,0.04~0.08μmol·L^-1ABA显著降低胚性愈伤分化率。ABA处理后胚性愈伤和非胚性愈伤的增殖率均显著提高且质地受到影响。0.02~0.08μmol ABA处理下,LBD和LBD在愈伤起始期上调表达。0.02μmol·L^-1ABA处理下,在愈伤增殖早期和中期BBM、LEC1和AGL15上调表达,愈伤增殖后期FUS3、LEA、ABI3基因上调表达。【结论】脱落酸调控的棉花体细胞胚胎发生与相关标记基因的时空性表达密切相关,这些基因表达水平的增加是ABA调控愈伤和胚性愈伤分化的分子基础。     

不同灌水处理对机采棉干物质和氮素运移及产量的影响

在北疆自然条件下,研究不同灌水处理对机采棉干物质、氮素运移及产量的影响,以期为机采棉水氮高效利用和高产栽培提供理论基础。以机采棉品种新陆早57号为供试材料,滴灌定额为4500 m~3·hm~(-2),设置3个不同的灌水次数分别为10次(D10)、8次(D8)、6次(D6)。结果表明:在滴灌定额为4500 m~3·hm~(-2)的条件下,D8处理的株型结构更为合理,干物质及氮素积累量适宜,各器官干物质及氮素分配比例较为合理,可提高机采棉的铃重及单株铃数,充分发挥其个体优势,皮棉产量较高。因此,在D8处理的灌水分配方式下,结合相应的灌水制度,有利于实现棉花高产。     

基于抗草甘膦基因的棉花茎尖农杆菌介导转化方法的研究

以中棉所49、珂字棉201和YZ-1为受体材料,通过对培养基草甘膦浓度、农杆菌侵染时间和浓度、共培养时间以及恢复培养条件等因素的优化,建立了基于抗草甘膦基因的棉花茎尖农杆菌转化技术体系,并将抗草甘膦基因(EPSPS-G6)导入3个受体材料,获得转基因抗草甘膦棉花植株.研究结果表明,适合于棉花茎尖农杆菌介导的草甘膦筛选浓度为10 mg·L-1;茎尖转化体系为农杆菌菌液OD600为0.9～1.0,侵染时间为20min,共培养时间为48 h,选用SH培养基并加入适量活性炭(0.5 g·L-1)作为恢复培养基.用本研究创制的转化技术体系,转化处理3个陆地棉受体360个茎尖,共获得60株抗性再生植株,经PCR检测,获得阳性抗性植株26株,移栽成活23株.以茎尖外植体数计算,本体系的转化成功率6.4％.该转化体系适合于转化抗草甘膦基因或以抗草甘膦基因为筛选基因的外源基因,具有转化频率高、嵌合体少、转化周期短等优点.     

Generation and Glyphosate Resistance Analysis of G10eve Transgenic Cotton

[Objective] Novel germplasm of cotton was generated for development of cultivars with high resistance to glyphosate. [Method] The glyphosate resistance gene G10eve was preliminarily analyzed using bioinformatics methods and introduced into 'Coker 312' via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression of G10eve was estimated by PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) and qRT-PCR (Quantitative real-time PCR). The content of shikimic acid and tolerance to glyphosate were determined in response to application of glyphosate to 'Coker 312' and transgenic plants. [Result] A total of 28 independent positive transgenic lines were obtained. The transformation efficiency and the rate of seedling differentiation were up to 49.3% and 40.6%, respectively. PCR and qRT-PCR analysis showed that G10eve was integrated into the cotton genome, and the G10eve expression level differed significantly among the transgenic lines. At the cotyledon stage, the transgenic cotton showed resistance to 8 mL·L^－1 glyphosate, whereas 'Coker 312' showed phytotoxicity to the 2 mL·L^－1 glyphosate treatment. No significant accumulation of shikimic acid was detected in transgenic plants before or after glyphosate treatment, which indicated the typical physical characteristic of glyphosate resistance. [Conclusion] Overexpression of G10eve in cotton improved resistance to glyphosate. Thus, novel germplasm of cotton resistant to glyphosate was generated.     

Effects of Melatonin on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Seed Germination of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Salt-Stress Conditions

[Objective] Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination, in which melatonin plays an important regulatory role, is seriously affected by soil salinization. Cotton seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity levels and other physiological indicators were analyzed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions. [Method] The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019 using Guoxin Cotton 9 as the material. The germination rate, germination potential, seed biomass after germination, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, of cotton seeds were measured after exposure to different melatonin concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) and 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatments. [Result] After germination, the germination rate, germination potential, radical length and seed biomass significantly decreased, as did the SOD, POD and CAT activities. However, the MDA content significantly increased under salt-stress conditions. Low exogenous melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the germination potential, germination rate and biomass of cotton seeds, and promoted the elongation of radicals; however high melatonin concentrations (50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) inhibited cotton seed germination and decreased seed biomass after germination. Low melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased the MDA content in cotton seeds. [Conclusion] Low melatonin concentrations could promote germination and improve the salt tolerance of cotton seeds, while high melatonin concentrations could inhibit their germination. A 20 μmol·L^－1 melatonin concentration is appropriate for regulating cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions.