青海东部燕麦品种的比较

对引进的5种燕麦进行了品种比较试验,结果表明:它们均能适应当地气候条件,可在青海东部地区种植。其中,莱农皮燕麦的籽粒产量和干草产量均最高;吉林白燕麦6号生育期最短,叶量丰富,适口性最好。     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.     

皮裸燕麦胚乳淀粉形态结构及理化性质的比较

燕麦作为血糖生成指数较低的食品,被广泛应用于食品、医药工业。为比较皮、裸燕麦胚乳淀粉理化性质的差异,探究皮、裸燕麦在食品等加工利用方面的不同,以2个裸燕麦品种(白燕2号,坝燕18)以及2个皮燕麦品种(蒙燕1号,塔娜)为材料,通过扫描电镜观察燕麦胚乳淀粉颗粒的形态,采用X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶变换远红外光谱、以及¹³C固体核磁共振等方法研究淀粉的理化性质,同时测定其支链淀粉链长和淀粉的消化速率。研究结果表明,燕麦胚乳中淀粉同时以复粒淀粉和单颗粒淀粉形式存在,复粒淀粉在淀粉提取中易破裂,形成不规则的多面体颗粒,粒径多在5~8μm。4个燕麦品种胚乳的淀粉均为A型晶体,但膨胀势和溶解度存在差异,裸燕麦坝燕18膨胀势最高,溶解度最低。皮、裸燕麦在淀粉晶体结构方面存在差异,皮燕麦淀粉较裸燕麦有更高的结晶度和表层有序度,裸燕麦淀粉无定形比例和表观直链淀粉含量更高,导致皮、裸燕麦在食品加工方面的差异。皮、裸燕麦支链淀粉链长分布不同,裸燕麦的长支链分布少,慢速消化淀粉(SDS)含量高,尤其坝燕18的SDS含量明显高于其他三个品种,更适合作为减肥食品。     

耕作措施对燕麦田土壤水分、温度及出苗率的影响

为明确耕作措施对旱作燕麦田土壤水分、温度及出苗率的影响,以燕麦品种坝莜1号为材料,于2011-2013年在内蒙古清水河县进行耕作措施比较试验。结果表明,保护性耕作措施(免耕、春松和秋松)能明显减少农田冬闲期土壤水分散失,提高0~100cm土壤贮水量。在燕麦苗期,免耕、秋松、春松和秋翻处理的0~100cm各土层2年平均土壤含水量较春翻分别高出11.55%、9.66%、7.04%和1.22%。深松与免耕较翻耕在土壤温度较高时有一定的降温作用,在土壤温度较低时又具有一定的升温效应。燕麦出苗率表现为免耕春翻春松秋翻秋松。燕麦出苗率与苗期0~10cm土层土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,与其他土层土壤含水量和耕层土壤温度无明显相关性。综合考虑土壤水分、温度和出苗率,以免耕处理效果最佳。     

膨润土对土壤含水量及蒸发特性和燕麦产量的影响

为给长城沿线土壤改良和农业节水增产提供理论依据,于2011-2013年在清水河县采用大田与室内试验相结合的方法,通过不同膨润土施用量处理(CK:0kg·hm-2;1D:6 000kg·hm-2;2D:12 000kg·hm-2;3D:18 000kg·hm-2;4D:24 000kg·hm-2;5D:30 000kg·hm-2),研究其对农田土壤水分含量、蒸发特性及燕麦产量的影响。结果表明,膨润土可显著增加燕麦播前及苗期土壤含水量,施用的第2年3D处理含水量最高,第3年5D处理最佳。土壤水分蒸发量与播前含水量关系密切,播前0~10cm土壤含水量在5.00%左右时,0~10、20~40、60~80cm土层中5D、4D、3D处理蒸发特性为"先吸水、后失水",10~20、40~60、80~100cm土层为"持续失水";播前0~10cm土壤含水量在8.00%以上时,播前及苗期水分蒸发量随时间推移逐渐降低。各处理在不同土层中,水分蒸发量均持续降低,并于20~25d达到稳定。施用膨润土可显著提高燕麦产量,施用后第2年3D处理较CK增产10.70%,第3年5D处理较CK增产11.53%。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

燕麦油的提取及精炼技术研究

[目的]为燕麦油的工业化生产提供理论指导。[方法]采用石油醚浸提法提取燕麦麸皮中的燕麦油,以料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间为因素进行正交试验优化提取工艺,通过脱胶、脱酸和脱色对燕麦粗油进行精制。[结果]3个因素对燕麦油提取率的影响由大到小依次为:料液比>浸提时间>浸提温度。脱胶燕麦油得率约为91%,脱酸燕麦油得率约为80%,脱色后精制燕麦油得率约为64%。燕麦油在精制前后酸价和游离脂肪酸含量明显下降,碘价和皂化值基本不变,密度、比重、黏度和折光率均有不同程度的提高。[结论]利用石油醚从燕麦麸皮中提取燕麦油的最佳工艺为:料液比1∶10,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间12 h。     

小麦和燕麦不同品种苗期的锰营养效应

通过盆栽试验,研究了施锰肥对小麦和燕麦不同品种苗期锰营养的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,施用锰肥显著提高了小麦和燕麦地上部的生物量、植物地上部锰浓度及吸锰量。从生物量上看,施锰对小麦的影响比燕麦大,川麦28尤为明显;从作物锰浓度和吸锰量上看,施锰对燕麦的影响比小麦大。无论施锰与否,燕麦地上部的吸锰量均显著高于小麦,且小麦、燕麦土壤DTPA-Mn含量无差异,这说明燕麦根系吸收活化锰的能力强于小麦。     

盐胁迫对燕麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及叶片质膜透性的影响

为给燕麦抗盐育种和栽培提供理论依据,用不同梯度的NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液胁迫处理7个燕麦品种,研究了盐胁迫对燕麦种子萌发、幼苗生长和叶片质膜透性的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫对燕麦种子萌发和幼苗的生长有抑制效应,而且随着盐浓度的增加,相对发芽率、发芽指教、简易活力指教、幼苗根长和株高逐渐降低,叶片质膜透性逐渐增加.主成分分析表明,相对发芽率、发芽指数、简易活力指数是主要的耐盐性鉴定指标.在7个燕麦品种中,白燕2号和苏维埃339耐盐性强.大燕麦和内农大莜1号中度耐盐,而Sibsiae、加2和原294耐盐性较差,属不耐盐类型.