不同灌水处理小麦品种抗旱性鉴定指标遗传规律研究

依据Griffing方法配制种植不同类型的复合双列杂交组合,分别设水、旱二种水分条件。在不同生育时期测定株高、株穗数、株粒重、穗粒数、黄叶片数、SOD、POD、MDA等农艺、生理生化性状,研究不同组合类型对杂交后代的遗传力影响及其与抗旱性的关系及遗传规律。结果表明,可采用抗旱指数(DRI)作为评价小麦品种抗旱性强弱的指标。旱地株粒重、旱地穗下节长、旱地黄叶片、籽粒饱满度、落黄、旱地成穗数、旱地株高等7个质量性状和数量性状与抗旱性关系密切且遗传力较强,可作为高产种质杂种后代的早期抗旱性鉴定指标。SOD活性和MDA含量由于广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高,可以在杂种后代早期世代进行选择,OA能力和POD活性广义遗传力较高但狭义遗传力低,适宜在杂种后代的晚期世代进行选择。     

Chilling Tolerance, Cold Hardening and Freezing Tolerance of Low-temperature-tolerant Mutants of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura

Two low-temperature-tolerant mutants of the Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cultivar ‘Puck’ derived from an x-radiated tissue culture system were compared, as vegetatively growing plants, to ‘Puck’ ssfor several physiological properties under low-temperature conditions. So far, the low-temperature tolerance of the mutants has been defined as the capacity to flower earlier under low temperature conditions (8—15°C) the wild type. All three lines were not chilling sensitive in the vegetative state and were able to acclimatize and to develop freezing tolerance. Differences between ‘Puck’ and the mutants were found but could not be related to the low-temperature tolerance of the mutants in the generative phase. Levels of the amino acid proline increased during the hardening process, reaching the highest level in the cultivar ‘Puck’. No evidence could be obtained that proline is causally involved in the cold-hardening process. Freezing-induced membrane injury was found to decrease with cold hardening (0—28 days) but the two mutants did not show a greater capacity to acclimatize and cold harden than the original cultivar ‘Puck’.     

Performance and Variability of Local Barley Landraces in Near-Eastern Environments

Homozygous lines from six Syrian and two Jordanian landrace populations were tested under highly productive growing conditions in Tel Hadia (1982/83), under drought stress in Breda (1983/84), and under dryland salinity stress in Hegla (1982/83/84) in Syria. Mean grain yield levels ranged between 260 kg/ha and 4850 kg/ha. Under drought and salinity stress, the majority of the landrace lines out-yielded the best cheeks significantly. In Tel Hadia the check cultivars mostly outyielded the landrace lines, but not always significantly. In all environments the harvest index of the landrace lines was near the optimum for barley. They expressed intermediate plant height and time to flowering, high lodging susceptibility under favorable growing conditions, high protein content, and a wide range of yield component combinations. In the stress environments highly significant genetic variation among the landrace lines was found. The heritabilities for gram yield were high in these trials. The correlations between performance under stress and under favorable growing conditions were poor. Therefore, the largest gains for variety improvement for the Syrian steppe area are expected from direct selection under stress conditions. Unique responses in proline accumulation and germination patterns in saline solution indicated specific adaptation in this material. These landraces, thus, are a useful source of breeding material, which also widens the genetic base of the present breeding program.     

Selection of hydroxyproline-resistant proline-accumulating mutants of cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Summary A procedure is described by which hydroxyproline-resistant lines could be selected from regenerating curd tissue of cauliflower. Mutagenesis was by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, supplied as a drop of 0.3 mM solution on each 3 mm diameter curd piece. The mutagen generated numerous morphological and pigment mutations without significantly affecting shoot regeneration from explants. Thirty one resistant shoots were recovered from more than six thousand explants mutagenised on regeneration medium supplemented with 3 mM hydroxyproline, while none was obtained from a similar number of non-mutagenised controls. Out of twenty-three resistant shoots which survived subculture, only one showed consistently elevated levels of endogenous proline. During early shoot culture passages, proline levels were 3.6–4.7 times higher than controls, but this was reduced to 1.6 times after 10–12 culture passages in the absence of hydroxyproline. Possible reasons for this decline are discussed. Leaf strip assays suggest resistant shoots may be chimeras and current efforts are directed towards regenerating solid mutants from resistant sectors. These will then be evaluated for any alteration in frost tolerance.Abbreviations IBA Indole-3-butyric-acid - NEU N-nitroso-N-ethylurea     

甘蔗和烟草幼叶原生质体分离前后的膜透性与脯氨酸含量的变化

甘蔗和烟草等幼叶经细胞壁降解酶水解细胞壁所获新鲜的原生质体的电解质外渗率和脯氨酸含量均有所提高，其中以野生蔗斑茅原生质体电解质外渗率最高，甘蔗原生质体的次之，烟草原生质体的最少；甘蔗原生质体的脯氨酸增量最高，斑茅原生质体的次之，烟草原生质体的最低。表明烟草原生质体受损程度低于甘蔗和斑芽等原生质体。     

中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘叶片在不同土壤水分条件下脯氨酸、可溶性糖及内源激素含量的变化

通过对中国沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoidessinensis)和俄罗斯沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoides)在野外不同生境和田间不同干旱胁迫条件下叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖及内源激素含量的变化进行研究后发现:坡上土壤水分含量显著低于沟底的土壤水分含量,坡上中国沙棘叶片中的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量比沟底明显增加,雌株的增加幅度大于雄株。在田间不同的干旱胁迫条件下,沙棘叶片内脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,脯氨酸积累能力为中国沙棘>俄罗斯沙棘,雌、雄株之间的差异为雌株>雄株。沙棘叶片内可溶性糖含量随着干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫时间的延长而持续增加,沙棘叶片可溶性糖的积累能力因雌雄株和品种不同而出现一定差异,表现为俄罗斯沙棘>中国沙棘,雌株>雄株。随着土壤含水量的降低,沙棘叶片中的ABA显著增加,IAA和ZR的含量明显降低,GA的含量在胁迫初期升高,之后逐渐下降;中国沙棘叶片内源激素的变化幅度小于俄罗斯沙棘,雌株的变化幅度小于雄株。综合沙棘叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、内源激素的变化,在干旱的适应性方面,中国沙棘和沙棘雌株更具有优势。     

CRMS诱导水稻雄性不育的研究——Ⅲ.CRMS对水稻花药游离脯氨酸含量的影响及其与花药败育的关系

利用~3H-脯氨酸、~3H-谷氨酸示踪分析方法,研究了CRMS诱导水稻雄性不育的作用机理。试验结果表明,CRMS阻碍剑叶向花药运输脯氨酸,抑制花药本身合成脯氨酸能力,并降低脯氨酸合成醇不溶性大分子物质的结合率,引起花药营养匮乏,导致花药败育。     

Evaluation of cold resistance of ornamental species for planting as urban rooftop greening

Rooftop gardening or green roof establishment, one of the methods of afforestation for urban greening, has many benefits for the environment, the economy and urban landscapes. Various environmental stresses including heat, strong wind, sunshine and cold prevent most plants from growing well in extensive green roof systems. For the establishment of urban rooftop gardening in Beijing, we evaluated 13 ornamental plant species [Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, Euonymus fortune (Turcz.) Hand., Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Swida alba Opiz., Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC., Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Euonymus japonicus ‘Cuzhi’, Buddleja davidii Franch., Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Spiraea salicifolia L.] for greening of flat rooftops. We obtained three indices concerning cold resistance, i.e., electrical conductivity of leaves, amounts of soluble sugars and amounts of free proline, providing a theoretical basis for selection of plants fit for roof and balcony greening. The results show that the six species P. fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., B. thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, J. nudiflorum Lindl., E. fortune (Turcz.) Hand., E. japonicus Thunb. and E. japonicus ‘Cuzhi’ are excellent plants for rooftop gardening, judging from their strong ability in cold resistance. Plants such as L. lucidum Ait., C. coggygria Scop. and W. florida (Bunge) A. DC. showed a medium ability in cold resistance. However, these species can be used in roof and balcony greening after intensive management or acclimatization of variety. The ability to resist cold of plants such as W. florida (Bunge) A. DC., S. salicifolia L., V. rhytidophyllum and S. alba Opiz. (Cornus alba L.) was found to be rather weak. Therefore, cold-proof measures are recommended when using these species.     

紫花苜蓿形态和生理指标响应干旱胁迫的品种特异性

为研究紫花苜蓿在叶片和根系水平上响应干旱胁迫的形态和生理的品种特异性规律,在温室内分析了干旱胁迫下WL363HQ和巨能7紫花苜蓿株高、分枝数、生物量及叶片和根系中丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸、抗氧化酶类物质、C、N含量、C/N、稳定性C同位素（δ¹³C）和稳定性N同位素（δ¹⁵N）。结果表明：干旱胁迫显著降低了供试品种地上部分和根系的干重及分枝数（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫显著降低了巨能7的株高（P<0.05）,但增加了巨能7的根冠比,而WL363HQ的结果与之相反,这说明干旱胁迫下供试品种的株高和根冠比具有品种特异性的规律。干旱胁迫增加了WL363HQ和巨能7叶片和根系中MDA和脯氨酸的含量及抗氧化酶物质的活性,且在器官水平也具有品种特异性规律。干旱胁迫下巨能7叶片的MDA含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而在WL363HQ根系中的MDA含量也显著增加（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫下WL363HQ叶片脯氨酸含量、POD和SOD活性,及根系SOD的活性均显著增加（P<0.05）,而巨能7仅叶片SOD活性,根系脯氨酸含量、POD活性显著升高（P<0.05）。尽管干旱胁迫对供试品种叶片和根系C、N含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但干旱胁迫显著提高了WL363HQ和巨能7紫花苜蓿根系的δ¹³C（P<0.05）,且WL363HQ叶片的δ¹⁵N均显著高于巨能7（P<0.05）。此外,干旱胁迫均显著提高了巨能7叶片和根系的C/N（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫下供试品种C、N代谢参数并没有在叶片和根系中表现出较为明显的品种特异性规律,深层次的机制还有待进一步研究。本研究结果将为进一步掌握紫花苜蓿叶片和根系协同抗旱机制及抗旱丰产紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供理论依据。     

晚秋温度对苜蓿地上部游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和POD活性的影响

通过对9个不同苜蓿Medicago sativa品种地上部游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和POD活性的研究,揭示晚秋温度变化对上述指标变化的影响,结果表明：9月10日-10月10日,随着温度的降低,3种不同秋眠类型的苜蓿地上部游离脯氨酸含量都呈上升趋势,其中高度秋眠类型苜蓿的变化幅度最大;不同秋眠类型苜蓿地上部可溶性糖变化趋势有所不同,低度和高度秋眠类型苜蓿变化幅度比较剧烈,说明在贮藏类营养物质方面,低度和高度秋眠类型苜蓿更为敏感,二者变化趋势恰好相反,中度秋眠类型苜蓿介于二者之间;不同秋眠类型苜蓿地上部过氧化物酶（POD）活性都经历逐步上升的趋势,中度和高度秋眠类型苜蓿POD活性变幅相对于低度秋眠类型大,说明中度和高度秋眠类型苜蓿地上部对于气温的变化更敏感。