Predictive models of drought tolerance indices based on physiological,morphological and biochemical markers for the selection of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties

The use of tolerant crop varieties is a strategy that mitigates the water deficit effect in a sustainable way. The generation of these varieties is more efficient when variables associated with this tolerance have been identified, since they can facilitate the breeding processes. This study aimed to establish the relationships between water deficit tolerance of four cotton varieties (Nevada-123, Oasis-129, Guatapuri, and Festivalle) and morphological variables (monopodial branches, boll weight, root/shoot ratio, and leaf and root dry matter), physiological variables (relative water content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, electron transport rate, photochemical quenching, photochemical efficiency of PSII, chlorophyll a/b ratio (Chl a/b), C¹²/C¹³ isotope ratio, and electrolyte leakage), and biochemical variables (contents of sugars, proline, carotenoids, and malondialdehyde). Furthermore, calibrated predictive models of the drought tolerance indices were developed based on the key variables identified. For this purpose, a pot experiment was established where plants were subjected to a moderate or severe water deficit during the blooming stage for 12 days. The stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) were calculated. For the evaluated variables, the differences between well-watered and water deficit plants (Δ) were calculated and ANOVA, partial least squares, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression analyzes were performed. A model was generated that explained 95% of the STI and was composed of Δmalondialdehyde, Δproline, and Δboll weight. For MP, the model was comprised of Δstomatal conductance, Δroot/shoot ratio, and ΔChl a/b, and explained 89% of the MP. The analysis of the assessed variables allowed the identification of key variables and the development of calibrated predictive models that can be used in screening to obtain cotton varieties with different levels of water deficit tolerance.     

狼尾草典型生理生化特征对阿特拉津胁迫的响应

通过盆栽试验考察狼尾草生长(生物量及根冠比)及典型生理指标(叶绿素、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量)对不同浓度阿特拉津污染胁迫的响应规律.结果显示,高浓度阿特拉津胁迫下狼尾草生物量(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)、根冠比(≥ 200 mg·kg^-1)两类生长指标与对照处理相比达到显著性抑制水平.阿特拉津胁迫(≤ 200 mg·kg^-1)对狼尾草叶片中叶绿素含量的影响较小,各污染处理样品叶绿素含量与对照组的差异不显著;阿特拉津污染胁迫水平达到100 mg·kg^-1时,狼尾草叶片中脯氨酸含量达到最大值(39.38 μg·kg^-1),同时丙二醛含量与对照处理相比呈现显著升高的趋势.上述结果表明:只有在较高浓度阿特拉津(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)胁迫水平条件下,狼尾草典型生长及生理指标才逐渐受到极显著影响,从植物生长与生理角度揭示了狼尾草对阿特拉津具有较强的耐受能力.     

聚乙二醇胁迫下不同苜蓿品种愈伤组织生理指标的变化

以聚乙二醇(PEG)作为渗透胁迫剂,对5个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种愈伤组织进行干旱胁迫.用生理生化方法对各品种愈伤组织的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸积累量、质膜相对透性3项抗旱性鉴定指标进行测定,各项结果趋于一致,其抗旱性强弱的顺序为:龙牧803、草原2号、中牧1号、龙牧80l、准格尔.同时,证明了POD活性、游离脯氨酸含量和质膜透性均可作为苜蓿抗旱性鉴定的生理指标.     

氯胁迫对幼龄茶树叶绿素含量及抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨氯胁迫对茶树的伤害机制,为幼龄茶园合理施用氯肥提供科学的理论依据,以1年生龙井43茶苗为材料,采用水培法研究了不同浓度氯离子对茶树叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：随着氯离子浓度的升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均显著降低,在氯浓度为100 mmol/L时,分别比CK（0 mmol/L）下降了36.2％、22.7％、33.1％;SOD、POD活性均表现为先升高后降低,在氯离子浓度为40 mmol/L时达到最大值,比 CK 分别升高10.8％和9.2％;CAT活性持续下降,最大降幅为45.4％;脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢含量及丙二醛含量均显著升高。这说明高浓度氯离子对细胞质膜系统及细胞器结构和功能产生了破坏,而在低浓度氯离子（20 mmol/L）胁迫下MDA含量与CK差异不显著,说明低浓度氯未对茶树造成伤害。因此,对于幼龄茶园冲施氯肥以氯离子浓度不超过20 mmol/L为宜。     

广西花生品种（系）苗期生长耐旱性及相关生理特性研究

花生苗期生长受干旱影响最大,且干旱是广西花生生产上重要的限制因素。选择广西主推及新育成的花生品种（系）共11个,在人工防雨棚下进行土培盆栽试验,以正常淋水（2d供水1次）为对照,以人工控水（10d供水1次）作为干旱胁迫处理,反复干旱胁迫30d时,测定花生苗期的主茎高尧侧枝长、生物量以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量,计算花生苗期生长生理受抑制程度及生长耐旱隶属函数值。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,各参试花生品种的主茎高、侧枝长和生物量均受到不同程度的抑制,其中桂花819的生长受抑制程度最轻。从各参试品种苗期耐旱隶属函数值排名可知,桂花819的苗期生长耐旱性最强,其次是桂花红166、桂花21和桂花26;大多数品种的叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量在干旱胁迫下增加,少数花生品种表现出降低趋势,且苗期耐旱品种桂花819的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量比对照的增加量最大,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量增加量也较大。     

Changes induced by osmotic stress in the morphology,biochemistry, physiology,anatomy and stomatal parameters of almond species （Prunus L. spp.） grown in vitro

We investigated the influence of different levels of osmotic stress on growth and development in selected wild almond species(eight Prunus spp.) grown in vitro. The study, while endorsing the efficacy of in vitro screening of auxiliary buds of wild almond for osmotic stress tolerance, showed species variability in its response to osmotic stress. Osmotic stress reduced growth and development of all the species. However, the putative tolerant Prunus spp. showed better performance than the putative susceptible genotypes. On average there was an 80% decrease in shoot dry weight at-1.2 MPa. Reduction in shoot weight was more common in osmotic stress-susceptible species in the section labeled ‘Euamygdalus'. The tolerant Prunus species produced smaller changes in biochemical responses than the sensitive cultivars for malondialdehyde content, catalase activity, relative permeability of protoplast membranes, and net photosynthetic rate. The tolerant species maintained cell integrity better than drought sensitive species. Wild almond species in the section labeled ‘Spartioides'(Prunus arabica(Olivier) Neikle, Prunus glauca (Browicz) A.E. Murray, Prunus scoparia Spach) and ‘Lycioides'(Prunus lycioides Spach, Prunus reuteri Bossi. et Bushe) were best adapted to osmotic stress. Increase in chlorophyll concentration and leaf thickness under high osmotic stress can be considered as preliminary selection parameters for osmotic stress tolerance in Prunus spp. The study confirmed the efficacy of the in vitro method for screening of large number of genotypes for osmotic stress tolerance in wild almond species.     

Na_2CO_3胁迫对番茄幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为进一步探究番茄的耐盐机理,采用盆栽试验法,研究了不同浓度Na2CO3胁迫对番茄幼苗脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD及CAT活性的影响。结果表明:随着盐胁迫时间及盐浓度的增加,脯氨酸含量呈现快速上升的趋势;SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈先上升高后下降的趋势。盐胁迫15d,Na2CO3浓度为20mmol·L-1时,SOD、POD活性达到最高值;Na2CO3浓度为5mmol·L-1时,CAT活性达到最高值,之后均呈现下降的趋势。综上,盐胁迫条件下,番茄可调动自身抗氧化酶来提高抗盐性,但随着盐胁迫时间及浓度的增加,番茄抗氧化系统遭到破坏。     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat to Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下大豆愈伤组织蛋白质含量的影响

大豆小真叶愈伤组织分别在NaCl浓度为 0 % (CK)、 0 4 %、 0 8%、 1 2 %、 1 6 %及在各盐浓度中加脯氨酸(0 8mmol/L)的培养基中分别进行 2 4、 4 8、 72h培养 ,测定其可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明 ,愈伤组织在0 4 %、 0 8%、 1 2 %的不同盐浓度培养条件下 ,蛋白质含量都比对照增高 ,并有随培养时间延长而增加的趋势。外源脯氨酸可提高盐胁迫下大豆愈伤组织的蛋白质含量 ,盐浓度 0 4 %培养 2 4h最明显 ,盐浓度增至 0 8%和 1 2 % ,产生此作用的培养时间相应延长 ,效果相应减弱。     

低温对高粱后代选系苗期生理生化的影响

在正常及低温胁迫条件下,对高粱后代选系3853-1与后代选系3801-2苗期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标进行测定与分析结果表明:在正常生长环境下,后代选系3853-1的SOD与CAT的活性以及游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均大于后代选系3801-2,MDA含量低于后代选系3801-2;在低温胁迫下,后代选系3853-1与后代选系3801-2叶片中MDA含量增高,而CAT活性和SOD活性,可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量均低于正常情况下的指标;在低温胁迫下后代选系3853-1叶片中SOD与CAT的活性、可溶性糖含量及游离脯氨酸的含量均高于后代选系3801-2;与后代选系3801-2相比较,后代选系3853-1在低温胁迫下有较强的抗性。