围网养麝与圈养麝的比较研究

为提高林麝的科学饲养水平和养麝的经济效益 ,对上海崇明岛东平林场圈养和围网养林麝的行为、驯化程度及死亡率 3项指标进行比较研究。结果表明 ,圈养和围网养麝的行为受人为因素的影响较大 ;圈养林麝的驯化程度高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 ) ;圈养林麝的死亡率高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 )。     

饲粮粗蛋白质、能量水平对3岁梅花公鹿鹿茸生长和体增重的影响

为探讨 3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮适宜营养水平 ,本研究采用 2 (CP∶2 1%和 19% )× 2 (GE∶16 74MJ/kg和 15 90MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用 3岁 (二锯 )梅花公鹿 6 7头 ,分为 4个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮蛋白质水平对鹿体增重有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在本试验所设能量浓度范围内 ,饲粮蛋白质水平为 19%处理组鹿体增重显著高于 2 1%蛋白组 ;鹿茸产量组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率和能量消化率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ;3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为 15 9～ 16 7MJ/kg (GE)和 19% (CP) ;平均每头鹿每天对消化能和可消化蛋白质的需要量分别为 2 9 9～ 31 3MJ和 388～ 394 g。     

梅花鹿精子冷冻前后形态和超微结构的研究

采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对冷冻前后的梅花鹿精子的形态和超显微结构进行了观察。结果表明：梅花鹿精子全长６１．６±２．７０μｍ,其中头长７．１９±０．４７μｍ,中段长１２．０８±０．７５μｍ。线粒体的螺旋数是６３．６８±４．６６旋,中段线粒体每个螺旋约由３～５个线粒体组成。梅花鹿精子超微结构有３个特点：一是头部的厚度为牛、羊、猪精子的１／２;二是在中环处的质膜未见反折现象,并且主段与中段的联接是以套管式镶嵌;三是末段以９＋２结构变成２０根（１２＋７＋１）单丝管形式排列。冷冻处理可使梅花鹿精子顶体膨胀,顶体内容物丢失,顶体内发生空泡,顶体外膜自身囊泡化,线粒体发生断裂和丢失,末段纤维束因质膜丢失而分散成扫帚状。冷冻后的梅花鹿精子畸形率极显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,冷冻解冻是致使梅花鹿精子顶体完整率和活力降低的主要原因。     

三种鹿血清乳酸脱氢酶同功酶的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对26头白唇鹿、41头马鹿和11头梅花鹿的血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同功酶谱及其多态性进行了研究。结果发现：三种鹿的LDH都有LDH1、LDH2、LDH3和LDH5四种同功酶;LDH3同功酶具有1～3条亚带,LDH5具有显现酶活性和不显现酶活性两种表型而呈现多态性;白唇鹿的LDH同功酶酶谱及其多态性有较明显的种的特征。     

引入陕西的天山马鹿产茸性能分析

对引入陕西的87头天山公马鹿的产茸资料进行统计分析。结果表明天山马鹿年平均产茸量5.56±1.98 kg。各锯龄平均产茸量由0.98±0.72 kg(1锯)到6.53±2.58 kg(10锯)不等。     

Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

Pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

AIM: To develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (Cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following S/C administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle.

METHODS: The LC-MS method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity, recovery, carry-over and repeatability. Articaine hydrochloride (40?mg/mL) was administered S/C to six healthy male red deer, at a dose of 1?mL/cm of pedicle circumference, as a complete ring block around the base of each antler. Blood samples were collected at various times over the following 12 hours. Concentrations in plasma of articaine and articainic acid were quantified using the validated LC-MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of articaine and articainic acid were estimated using non-compartmental analysis.

RESULTS: Calibration curves were linear for both articaine and articainic acid. The limits of quantifications for articaine and articainic acid were 5 and 10?ng/mL, respectively. Extraction recoveries were >72% for articaine and >68% for articainic acid. After S/C administration as a ring block around the base of each antler, mean maximum concentrations in plasma (C_max) of articaine were 1,013.9 (SD 510.1) ng/mL, detected at 0.17 (SD 0.00) hours, and the C_max for articainic acid was 762.6 (SD 95.4) ng/mL at 0.50 (SD 0.00) hours. The elimination half-lives of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid were 1.12 (SD 0.17) and 0.90 (SD 0.07) hours, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LC-MS method used for the quantification of articaine and its metabolite articainic acid in the plasma of red deer was simple, accurate and sensitive. Articaine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed, hydrolysed to its inactive metabolite articainic acid, and eliminated following S/C administration as a ring block in red deer. These favourable pharmacokinetic properties suggest that articaine hydrochloride should be tested for efficacy as a local anaesthetic in red deer for removal of velvet antlers. Further studies to evaluate the safety and residues of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid are required before articaine can be recommended for use as a local anaesthetic for this purpose.     

Seasonal differences in rumen bacterial flora of wild Hokkaido sika deer and partial characterization of an unknown bacterial group possibly involved in fiber digestion in winter

Rumen digesta was obtained from wild Hokkaido sika deer to compare bacterial flora between summer and winter. Bacterial flora was characterized with molecular‐based approaches and enrichment cultivation. Bacteroidetes was shown as a major phylum followed by Firmicutes, with similar proportions in both seasons. However, two phylogenetically unique groups in Bacteroidetes were found in each season: unknown group A in winter and unknown group B in summer. The ruminal abundance of unknown group A was the highest followed by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in winter. Moreover, the abundance of these two was higher in winter than in summer. In contrast, the abundance of unknown group B was higher in summer than in winter. In addition, this group showed the highest abundance in summer among the bacteria quantified. Unknown group A was successfully enriched by cultivating with oak bark and sterilized rumen fluid, particularly that from deer. Bacteria of this group were distributed in association with the solid rather than the liquid rumen fraction, and were detected as small cocci. Accordingly, unknown group A is assumed to be involved in degradation of fibrous materials. These results suggest that wild Hokkaido sika deer develop a rumen bacterial flora in response to changes in dietary conditions.     

日粮蛋白质水平对梅花鹿瘤胃内pH值、NH_3-N和VFA浓度的影响

选用4头装置永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花鹿,用4种含有不同蛋白质水平的日粮,按4×4拉丁方试验设计,对瘤胃内pH值、氨态氮(NH_3—N)和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度进行了测定,并研究了它们的动态变化规律以及VFA组分百分率。试验结果表明,在饲根精粗比为30:70条件下,日粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃内pH值影响较小(P>0.05);对NH_3—N浓度影响较大(P<0.05),随着日粮蛋白质水平的提高,瘤胃内NH_3—N浓度也随之升高;对TVFA浓度也有一定的影响,但各日粮间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过VFA的组分分析发现,各日粮组间C_2/C_3比值基本接近,即它们的发酵类型基本相同。     

鹿坏死杆菌病的综合防治

主要通过疫苗免疫预防、临床治疗和日常预防与管理等方面 ,简述了对鹿坏死杆菌病的综合防治措施