Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response

The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth.This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn).Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine.     

生防绿僵菌研究进展

就绿僵菌属的分类、绿僵菌侵染机制、与入侵相关的重要酶以及生防制剂的开发进行了综述,在此基础上对绿僵菌应用存在的问题及时策进行了探讨。     

菌生轮枝霉对鸡腿蘑侵染的研究初报

对菌生轮枝霉在斜面培养基和固体培养基上的生长状况及鸡腿蘑在母种、原种阶段感染菌生轮枝霉后形态特征的变化进行了研究,并对鸡腿蘑室内覆土栽培阶段不同时期接种菌生轮枝霉的发病情况进行了研究。结合生产实践推断,菌生轮枝霉的侵染主要发生在覆土期,侵染源来自于覆土和空气中的孢子,孢子的萌发与菇房内的温度及湿度有关。     

南方根结线虫对不同寄主植物侵染能力的比较

[目的]筛选南方根结线虫的易感寄主。[方法]通过接种试验比较了南方根结线虫对5种寄主植物（黄瓜、番茄、茄子、菠菜及辣椒）的侵染能力。[结果]南方根结线虫对不同寄主植物的侵染能力存在显著差异。黄瓜和番茄的根结百分率显著高于菠菜、茄子和辣椒,黄瓜和番茄根际土壤中2龄幼虫数、雌成虫数及卵块数都显著高于菠菜、茄子和辣椒。[结论]南方根结线虫对黄瓜和番茄的侵染能力显著强于菠菜、茄子和辣椒,为南方根结线虫的易感寄主植物。     

种子带菌作为玉米弯孢菌叶斑病初侵染源的研究

[目的]对种子带菌作为玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的初侵染源进行研究,为生产上防治该病提供理论依据。[方法]采用玻片萌发法和组织分离法测定种子外部带菌、内部带菌的存活力;采用沙培法在室内检测种子带菌对幼苗的侵染;应用田间培养法测定种子带菌对玉米的侵染。[结果]玉米种子所带弯孢菌孢子和菌丝可以越冬成活,种子内部带菌影响种子萌发,种子外部带菌不影响种子萌发;种子内外带菌均能侵染玉米幼苗的胚根和胚芽。[结论]玉米种子带弯孢菌孢子和菌丝可以越冬并侵染幼苗,使幼苗长势衰弱。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（BHV-1）是世界范围内引起牛传染病的一种主要病原。概述了BHV-1的危害,BHV-1的分子生物学特征和病毒侵染细胞的过程,以及BHV-1疾病的诊断与防治措施,为认识和研究该病毒提供一定的理论参考。     

不同磷素形态对黄瓜生长和丛枝菌根真菌接种效应的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究磷酸二氢钾、腐植酸钠2种磷素形态对黄瓜生长和丛枝菌根（AM）真菌接种效应的影响。结果表明,在不施磷的条件下,接种AM真菌时,黄瓜的生物量、叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白没有显著差异,但黄瓜叶片POD活性和磷含量在0.05水平显著高于没有接种AM真菌的处理;施磷酸二氢钾时,接种AM真菌对黄瓜生长起到一定的促进作用,黄瓜地上部磷含量显著提高,但黄瓜叶片可溶性糖和保护系统没有显著差异;施用腐植酸钠时,接种AM真菌对黄瓜生物量、叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和磷含量没有显著影响,但黄瓜叶片SOD活性显著高于没有接种AM真菌的处理。对接种AM真菌处理而言,在3种磷源处理下,植物根际土壤速效磷含量的顺序为：磷酸二氢钾〉腐植酸钠〉不施磷肥。不施磷肥下AM真菌的侵染率在0.05水平显著高于施用磷肥处理,且磷素形态对AM真菌的侵染率没有显著影响。这说明,AM真菌在土壤磷较低时有利于侵染黄瓜根系。     

海口市文昌鸡球虫病流行调查

为了解海南省海口市文昌鸡球虫病的流行情况,采用群体采样法分别从该市文昌鸡主要养殖地区采集新鲜鸡粪,检查粪样。对阳性粪样采用饱和盐水漂浮和离心沉淀法进行卵囊分离,以质量分数为2.5%的重铬酸钾培养保存。显微镜下观察卵囊,进行虫种鉴定,并统计各调查点的鸡球虫种类、感染率和感染强度。检查雏鸡(15~42日龄)、中鸡(43~84日龄)和大鸡(85~130日龄)粪样各120份。结果显示,鸡球虫的感染率分别为75.8%、78.3%和26.7%。共检出7种球虫,均属艾美耳属,分别为毒害艾美耳球虫(Eimeria neca-trix)、堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)、巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)、柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeriatenella)、和缓艾美耳球虫(Eimeria mitis)、哈氏艾美耳球虫(Eimeria hagani)和早熟艾美耳球虫(Eimeriapraecox)。结果表明,鸡球虫在海口市文昌鸡主要养殖地区普遍存在,有的调查点感染强度很高,养殖户的科学防治意识不强。     

农杆菌介导小麦遗传转化影响因素的研究

选用河南科技学院近年来选育的小麦品种百农160的成熟胚愈伤组织和农杆菌菌株LBA4404,对农杆菌介导遗传转化中农杆菌浓度、感染时间、乙酰丁香酮浓度、头孢霉素质量浓度等几个重要影响因素进行了研究,建立小麦高效转化体系.结果表明.菌液OD<,600>=0.6,侵染时间30min时对愈伤组织的生存和转化最有利;浓度为200...