多旋翼植保无人机棉花飞防作业效果

目的 研究植保无人机喷施作业雾滴的沉积分布规律和病虫害防治效果,为植保无人机田间作业提供理论依据和技术支持。方法 使用无人机和喷杆喷雾机进行喷施试验,以卡罗米特纸卡和滤纸作为取样器采集雾滴,研究雾滴在棉花冠层的沉积规律,比较两种植保机械的病虫害防治效果。结果 在有效喷幅范围内,无人机喷施作业雾滴主要集中在棉花冠层上部,棉花冠层中部和下部雾滴沉积量和覆盖率均较低;无人机施药雾滴在上风向和下风向的飘移量有显著差异,上风向雾滴平均飘移百分比为4.93%,下风向平均飘移百分比为14.96%,且波动较大;JT-30植保无人机和3W-1000Y悬挂式喷杆喷雾机在施药7 d后对棉蚜防治效果较好,在施药后15 d对棉叶螨防治效果较好。结论 雾滴在棉花冠层的穿透性较差,下风向雾滴飘移现象较突出,对蚜虫的防治效果较好。     

Root development of winter wheat in erosion‐affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape

Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g^?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.     

Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.     

基于林木病虫害防治的移动喷雾参数对雾滴穿透性影响分析

林木病虫害防治过程中,常采用皮卡搭载喷雾系统进行移动喷雾,以达到快速高效的目的。为了研究移动喷施农药过程中喷雾技术参数对雾滴穿透性的影响,本研究构建了由供液模块、喷雾压力调控和速度实时显示模块、喷头高度和角度调节模块、速度控制调节模块和防冲撞限位模块5大部分组成的移动喷雾测试系统。通过研制的移动喷雾测试开展试验分析,分别设置了3种喷施压力、4种搭载平台行驶速度、国产和进口不同的多个喷头,对仿真树靶标进行了喷雾试验,在仿真树冠层内设置8个采样点铺放卡纸来测定雾滴沉积覆盖率,采用iDASPRO雾滴沉积分析数据,以此来测试喷雾技术参数对雾滴穿透规律的影响。经过统计分析,得到影响喷头穿透效果大小的因素次序:喷雾压力>搭载平台移动速度>喷头孔径,采用Design Expert试验分析软件,建立以喷头孔径、搭载平台移动速度和喷雾压力为自变量、以雾滴覆盖率为应变量的多元非线性回归模型。结果表明:雾滴沉积量随着喷雾压力的增加呈现增加的趋势,当移动速度为最小的0.25m/s时,雾滴沉积量明显高于移动速度为0.50m/s和0.75m/s时的值,研究结果对于植保作业中移动喷雾参数确定和器械选择提供了理论依据与应用参考。     

Cover crop and plant density in seed production of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Seed crops of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are usually established with a cover crop. Provided sufficient light, white clover may compensate for low plant density by stoloniferous growth. Our objectives were (1) to compare spring barley or spring wheat used as cover crops for white clover and (2) to find the optimal seeding rate/row distance for white clover. Seven field trials were conducted in Southeast Norway from 2000 to 2003. Barley was seeded at 360 and 240 seeds m^?2 and wheat at 525 and 350 seeds m^?2. White clover was seeded perpendicularly to the cover crop at 400 seeds m^?2/13 cm row distance or 200 seeds m^?2/26 cm. Results showed that light penetration in spring and early summer was better in wheat than in barley. On average for seven trials, this resulted in 11% higher seed yield after establishment in wheat than in barley. The 33% reduction in cover crop seeding rate had no effect on white clover seed yield for any of the cover crops. Reducing the seeding rate/doubling the row distance of white clover had no effect on seed yield but resulted in slightly earlier maturation of the seed crop.     

耕深对土壤物理性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为了解不同犁底层破除程度对黄淮海平原农田土壤蓄水保墒、穿透阻力动态变化及作物产量的影响,在山东德州试验基地以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个犁底层厚度处理,分别为犁底层不破除(RT15)、犁底层破除1/3(DL20)、犁底层破除2/3(DL25)和犁底层完全破除(DL40)。结果表明:1)完全或者部分破除犁底层均能够显著降低10~30 cm土层容重和穿透阻力,各处理降低幅度具体表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。2)DL20、DL25和DL40处理有利于增加降水或灌溉后水分入渗,冬小麦苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高5.3%、15.9%和23.6%,且冬小麦季耗水量分别较RT15处理提高4.9%、10.2%和11.6%;DL20、DL25和DL40处理夏玉米苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高7.7%、14.2%和15.8%,但夏玉米季耗水量分别较RT15处理降低5.8%、7.6%和10.5%。3)冬小麦季0~15和15~30 cm土层穿透阻力均表现为双峰型,且2土层受冻融作用影响各处理在越冬期达到穿透阻力峰值1 489.2~2 128.1和1 925.4~4 423.7 kPa;30~45 cm土层各处理穿透阻力变化规律在两季作物生长后期差异较大,冬小麦生长后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT155,而夏玉米后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。4)相对完全打破犁底层,部分打破犁底层更有利于提高水分利用效率,显著增加作物产量,DL25处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别较DL40处理增加4.2%和2.4%。综合考虑,DL25是目前相对较好的犁底层改良方式,此时犁底层厚度适当,既可节省农机能耗,又可兼有透水、增产效能。     

正丁醇/柴油喷雾特性及缸内混合气形成过程数值模拟

为了研究正丁醇掺混比对燃料自身喷雾特性的影响以及探讨缸内喷雾过程随掺混比的变化规律,该文采用定容弹试验和缸内喷雾数值模拟相结合的方法,正丁醇掺混比从0增加到40%,分析了燃料的理化特性。采用定容弹试验系统对燃料的喷雾参数进行了研究,采用缸内模拟的方法分析了掺混比对喷雾过程的影响。结果表明,定容弹环境下,正丁醇掺混比增加40%,贯穿距离减小4.95%,喷雾锥角增大16.7%,喷油压力增加30 MPa,喷雾锥角增加28.43°;缸内喷雾过程中,掺混比对贯穿距离影响较小;混合气形成初始阶段,掺混比越高,燃料的SMD(sauter meandiameter)越小,最终趋于一致;随着掺混比增加,燃料喷射质量降低,蒸发质量上升;掺混比越高,喷注的速度峰值降低;在喷注下游中心区域喷雾液滴数密度最高;正丁醇有助于缸内的喷雾过程,掺混比增加,喷雾特性越好。     

Study with isolated cuticles of the behaviour of zinc applied to leaves

In order to obtain a better understanding of the behaviour, at the cuticular level of Zn deposited on leaves in natural conditions, the cuticular retention and penetration of this element were studied in vitro, using enzymatically isolated cuticles from pear leaves (Pirns communis L. cv. Passe Crassane). The cuticular retention of Zn, supplied as 0,1 mM ⁶⁵Zn Cl₂ was related to plant species, increasing in the following order: Prunus armeriaca < Pirus malus cv. Golden < Pirus communis L. cv. William with a ratio Zn in cuticles (nmol/g)/Zn in the solution (nmol/g) varying from 282 to 613; it depended on the date of sampling of leaves, the results were apparently not connected with their age. Zn retained by the cuticular discs was lost partially by washing with water, and almost entirely with exchange solutions. The exchangeable fraction could not be precisely determined because of the progressive removal of ⁶⁵Zn from cuticles, with water. This lability was between that observed with ⁵⁴fin and ⁶⁴Cu . Interactions with Cu and Ca were considered, the cuticular retention of 0.1 mM Zn was drastically reduced from 0.01 mM only with Cu suggesting a high cuticular selectivity of Cu over Zn. The cuticular retention of Zn was higher with dewaxed cuticles probably because of a better access of Zn to fixation sites on the cuticular matrix.

The cuticular penetration of Zn was very slow through carefully selected cuticles but was faster with diluted HCl or non radioactive ZnCl₂ rather than with pure water in the receiver unit. The validity of results obtained with isolated cuticles is discussed.     

Evaluation of Soil Physical Quality under Amendments and Hydrogel Applications in a Soybean–Wheat Cropping System

A field study was conducted in alluvial sandy loam soil to assess the impact of amendments and hydrogel application on soil hydrophysical properties. Soil physical environment was characterized and quantified using soil physical quality index (S). The main treatments include farmyard manure (FYM) and tank soil applied at 5 t ha^?1 and no amendment, and subtreatments included three rates of hydrogel: 5, 2.5, and 0 kg ha^?1. Hydrogel was applied at 5–7 cm deep just below the seed in rows. Results revealed that FYM along with gel application at 5 kg ha^?1 significantly increased mean weight diameter, field capacity moisture content, plant-available water content and relative field capacity, retention pores (Ret P), water-stable structural units, and structural coefficient and reduced transmission pores (TP), penetration resistance, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). Significantly greater values of S in hydrogel-treated plots and close associations of S with other soil physical parameters were obtained.     

Tillage Depth Effects on Soil Physical Properties,Sugarbeet Yield,and Sugarbeet Quality

Tillage depth influences the soil–water–plant ecosystem, thereby affecting crop yield and quality. The effects of tillage depth on soil physical properties and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality were evaluated. A field study composed of two tillage depths [10 cm, referred to as shallow (ST), and 20 cm, referred to as deep (DT)] was conducted on a Lihen sandy loam soil in spring 2007 at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) irrigated research farm near Williston, North Dakota. Soil bulk density (ρ_b), gravimetric water content (θ_w), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured three times during the growing season at four depth increments to 40 cm deep. Samples were taken approximately 0.5 m apart within the crop row of irrigated sugarbeet. Soil air-filled pore volume (ε_a) was calculated from soil bulk density and water content data. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was also measured in 2.5-cm increments to a depth of 35 cm. Roots were hand-harvested from each plot, and each sample consisted of the roots within an area consisting of two adjacent rows 1.5 m long. Soil ρ_b was greater in ST than in DT, whereas Ks was greater with DT than with ST. Soil PR was significantly greater in ST than in DT at the 0- to 20-cm depth. Soil θ_w and ε_a were slightly greater in DT than those under ST. Although tillage depth had no significant effect on sugarbeet population, root yield, or sucrose content, a small difference in sucrose yield between two depths of tillage may be attributed to reduced ρ_b, increased water intake, improved aeration, and increased response to nitrogen uptake under DT than under ST. It was concluded that tillage depth enhanced soil physical quality and had little effect on sugarbeet yield or quality.