Stomatal penetration of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves by a Colletotrichum species causing latent anthracnose

The infection process of a Colletotrichum species causing latent infection and anthracnose in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) was studied in seedlings by light and confocal microscopy. Leaf surfaces were extensively colonized by an anastomosing network of germ-tubes and conidia. This epiphytic mycelium produced abundant secondary conidia on short conidiophores. Although melanized appressoria were developed, the host surface was not penetrated directly. The fungus only gained ingress into leaves through stomatal openings, by means of undifferentiated germ-tubes, and slowly colonized the mesophyll by intercellular hyphae, without initially producing visible symptoms. Anthracnose lesions with multisetate acervuli appeared on senescent leaves after a prolonged symptomless period of host colonization lasting > 2 weeks. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified D2 and ITS-2 regions of rDNA revealed close similarities (95–96%) between this cowpea pathogen and isolates of C . gloeosporioides from Aeschynomene virginica, Stylosanthes scabra and Mangifera indica. These results, in addition to other morphological and growth attributes, identify this endophytic anthracnose pathogen of cowpea as a Colletotrichum species distinct from C. capsici and C. destructivum .     

土壤表土中植物根系影响其抗蚀性的模拟降雨试验研究——以张家口试验区为例

土壤中植物根系的存在可以增强土壤的抗蚀性,溅蚀量、贯入深度和被崩解的情况等都是土壤抗蚀性的反映。通过对人工添加根系、固有根系和缺少根系三种不同土壤类型,进行的溅蚀、贯入和崩解试验,发现具有植物根系的土壤,其崩解速率远比少根系或缺少根系的土壤为慢,而根系的多少则似乎与溅蚀、贯入不存在明显的关系,后者更多地取决于土壤的颗粒组成特性。     

Effects of temperature on ascospore germination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves by A- or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker)

Ascospores of both A-group and B-group Leptosphaeria maculans germinated at temperatures from 5 to 20°C on leaves of oilseed rape. Germination of ascospores of both groups started 2 h after inoculation and percentage germination reached its maximum about 14 h after inoculation at all temperatures. Both the percentage of A-/B-group ascospores that had germinated after 24 h incubation and germ tube length increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C. Germ tubes from B-group ascospores were longer than those from A-group ascospores at all temperatures, with the greatest difference at 20°C. Hyphae from ascospores of both groups penetrated the leaves predominantly through stomata, at temperatures from 5 to 20°C. A-group ascospores produced highly branched hyphae that grew tortuously, whereas B-group ascospores produced long, straight hyphae. The percentage of germinated ascospores that penetrated stomata increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C and was greater for A-group than for B-group L. maculans after 40 h incubation.     

Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides is Dominant in Hybrids with Tomato, and Involves induced Hyphal Death

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold disease and affects hundreds of plant species, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The wild nightshade, Solanum lycopersicoides, is cross compatible with tomato and is more resistant to B. cinerea, thus representing a potential source for crop improvement. Tests involving droplet inoculation of detached leaves and spray inoculation of entire seedlings demonstrated that resistance to B. cinerea varies among S. lycopersicoides accessions, with S. lycopersicoides LA2951 being the most resistant accession tested. Expression of resistance in the intergeneric hybrid (L. esculentum cv. 'VF36' × S. lycopersicoides LA2951) suggested that resistance is at least partially dominant in tomato. A green fluorescent protein-tagged B. cinerea strain was used for confocal microscopic comparison of infection in leaves of S. lycopersicoides and tomato. Even though S. lycopersicoides supported spore germination, there was evidence for hyphal lysis and death 3 days after inoculation, at a time when lesions were expanding on susceptible tomato plants. The reduced frequency of B. cinerea lesion spread on S. lycopersicoides explains why this fungus produced fewer spores in this wild nightshade than in tomato.     

土壤剖面中砂质夹层的储水作用及机理研究

探讨土壤剖面中砂质夹层的水分行为，试验采用模拟土柱进行研究。土柱的剖面组成是：中壤土夹１０ｃｍ厚的松砂土于２０、５０、８０、１１０ｃｍ深处；中壤土夹５、１０、１５、２０、２５ｃｍ厚的松砂土于３０ｃｍ深度以下。用限量供水与足量供水两种方式处理上述土柱，观测剖面各层（每层１０ｃｍ）土壤含水量、水分入渗速率和累积入渗量等。     

Vanmarcke模型适用性探讨

根据平衡随机过程的基本概念和大量CPT钻孔资料，检验了CPT数据空间分布的平衡性和各态历经性，根据检验过程和结果对Vanmarcke运动场支剖面随机场模型于河北省山前冲洪积土层的适用性进行了探讨。     

麦蚜取食行为特殊刺探电位波形图(EPG)研究初报

研究了麦长管蚜(Sitobionavenae.Fab.)、禾谷缢管蚜(RhopalosiphumPadi)在不同小麦上的刺探行为,发现了一些特殊的刺探电位波形(EPG),即点G波,E0波和两种F波,并就其可能的生物学意义进行了探讨。初步认为,点G波是蚜虫在刺探途径阶段(C波阶段)的试探性主动吸食过程;E0波是蚜虫口针即将到达韧皮部时短暂的判断、休息和适应过程;一种F波是蚜虫在木质部主动吸食受阻的一种过渡波;另一种F波与蚜虫口针在植物组织中遇阻后的重复回撤与刺探行为有关。结果表明,EPG波形不仅有其稳定性,同时也有其多样性。     

四种杀虫剂LC25对Q型烟粉虱成虫取食行为的影响

【目的】利用刺吸电位技术（electronic penetration graph,EPG）研究Q型烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）成虫对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮、螺虫乙酯和溴氰虫酰胺4种杀虫剂LC₂₅处理24 h番茄苗的取食行为,探明内吸性杀虫剂亚致死剂量对烟粉虱成虫取食行为的影响。【方法】以无农药暴露史的Q型烟粉虱成虫为供试昆虫,番茄品种‘粉印三号’为供试植株。通过水培生测法确定4种内吸性杀虫剂的亚致死浓度LC₂₅。在此基础上利用EPG监测Q型烟粉虱成虫取食寄主的13个非韧皮部指标和8个韧皮部指标,并对叶片刺吸孔进行显微观察。以无农药处理为对照（CK）。【结果】4种杀虫剂对Q型烟粉虱成虫的LC₂₅值为溴氰虫酰胺>吡蚜酮>吡虫啉>螺虫乙酯。在总记录时间8 h内,Q型烟粉虱成虫的取食在各处理中均产生非刺探波（np）、路径波（C）、电位下降波（pd）、韧皮部分泌唾液波（El）、韧皮部被动吸食波（E2）以及木质部主动吸食波（G）6种波形。在非韧皮部的np波次数上,溴氰虫酰胺处理的次数最多,其次是螺虫乙酯处理,两者间差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著高于CK和吡虫啉处理（P<0.05）。C波和G波总持续时间均为CK处理最长,溴氰虫酰胺处理最短,两处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。CK处理的pd波总持续时间显著长于4种杀虫剂处理（P<0.05）,其中螺虫乙酯处理最短,但4种杀虫剂处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。螺虫乙酯处理的F波总持续时间最长,吡虫啉处理最短,两者间差异显著（P<0.05）。CK处理韧皮部的E1波和E2波总持续时间分别为20.52和50.60 min,显著长于吡虫啉处理和溴氰虫酰胺处理对应波的总持续时间（P<0.05）,但E1波总持续时间与吡蚜酮和螺虫乙酯处理均差异不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】4种杀虫剂LC₂₅均引起Q型烟粉虱成虫的拒食行为,为研究烟粉虱或具刺吸式口器农业害虫对4类杀虫剂亚致死效应的拒食作用机理及防治提供了理论依据。     

SiO2溶胶在欧洲赤松和火炬松边材中的渗透性

为了考察微纳米液体改性剂在木材中的渗透规律,采用2种粒径(30和150 nm)和3种浓度(质量分数5%,15%、30%)的SiO2溶胶真空30 min-常压浸渍24 h欧洲赤松和火炬松边材,比较其24 h内吸液率的经时变化规律和24 h增重率,通过质量法分析30 nm、15%的硅溶胶处理材轴向SiO2的浓度梯度,并采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪分析各轴向深度木材细胞壁中硅元素的分布。结果表明:1)粒径小的硅溶胶在浸渍初期更易于在木材中渗透,随着浸渍时间的延长,粒径的影响变小,甚至可能出现相反的趋势;浓度对吸液率影响显著,一般浓度越高,吸液率越小。浓度高的改性剂处理木材时,粒径的影响更为显著。2)树种对硅溶胶的渗透性影响显著。硅溶胶在欧洲赤松边材的吸液率通常高于火炬松边材,但由于硅溶胶颗粒和水分在欧洲赤松中渗透不同步,硅溶胶在端头部分的大量沉积,导致欧洲赤松中SiO2在轴向分布浓度梯度远高于火炬松。3)硅元素进入各个轴向深度的木材细胞壁,硅元素的浓度分布规律与质量法结果一致。      

浅析外资渗透对民族种业的影响

民族种业市场化时间较短,产业化尚处于初级阶段,种子科技含量对种子市值增长、产业发展的贡献依然偏小.同时,国际种业巨头加快在中国布局,种质资源流失,民族种业发展空间受到挤压,产业安全受到挑战.在经济全球化进程中,唯有加快推进政府职能转变,健全外资监管制度,大力推进种业科技创新,才能守住民族种业安全的底线.