Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

介质含水率与探地雷达电磁波特征参数关系

【目的】研究GPR电磁波属性参数与含水率的内在关系,揭示流域范围内土壤水分赋存特征具有重要意义。【方法】利用美国劳雷工业SIR-3000型地质雷达,对不同含水状态风积沙进行GPR探测试验,分析了不同含水率风积沙试样中电磁波传播过程的参数特征,建立了其与含水率的关系模型,并推算介电常数;利用介电常数仪直接测定不同含水率风积沙试样的介电常数,对比基于波速间接所得介电常数,校验了介质含水率与电磁波特征参数关系模型的有效性。【结果】随介质含水率增加,GPR电磁波的双程走时呈非线性增加趋势,波速呈负线性降低趋势;随含水率增加,基于GPR波速间接推算介电常数与介电常数仪直接测定介电常数呈相似增大趋势,相同条件下两类介电常数最大误差约3.6%。【结论】借助GPR电磁波波速与双程走时可以有效评价风积沙水分赋存特征与介电特性。     

自补给灌溉系统设计

在西北干旱地区,苦咸水可开采量为31.55亿m3[1]。宁夏是全国水资源最为紧缺的地区之一,根据宁夏水资源公报,宁夏多年平均地表水资源量9.493亿m3,地下水资源量30.73亿m3,人均当地水资源占有量仅为137m3,不到全国平均水平的1/10,不到世界平均水平的1/40。与地表水相比,宁夏可利用的地下水资源较为丰富,其苦咸水资源量占地下水的35.21%。苦咸水中Na+、Cl-含量高,水带咸味,而Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-含量高,水有涩味。[2]短根植物由于其根系短小且蒸腾速率高,水肥补给不足且缺失严重。短根植物有着自身生长发育对水肥的需求模式,依据其需水需肥规律进行灌溉施肥,才能较大限度地利用有效水源,真正实现抗旱节水。拟利用正渗透技术淡化本地区的苦咸水,并将其应用于短根植物节水自补给灌溉系统中的营养来源,以促进我国节水技术的发展和节水措施的应用,节约水资源,提高水资源的利用效率。     

Effects of plant residue management on soil properties,surface runoff,and soil loss under rainfall simulation in a semi-arid region in Iran

A 5-year field study was conducted on the effect of plant residue management on soil erosion, runoff, bulk density, penetration resistance, and organic carbon. There were three treatments: burning residues on field (BR), returning residues unto the soil surface after harvesting (TR), and removing residues from soil surface (RR) (control treatment). At the end of the 5-year treatment, a rainfall simulation at 90?mm?h^?1 was applied to each plot. After rainfall simulation started, the runoff volume and soil loss amount in samples were collected at four sampling times. The results showed that the runoff volume for BR (from 145.5?±?12.2 to 190.0?±?11.8?mL) differed significantly (p?≤?0.01) from that of RR (from 32.3?±?5.5 to 67.5?±?11.1?mL) and TR (from 10.0?±?0.7 to 16.7?±?3.3?mL). A significant difference (p?≤?0.01) was also observed between RR and TR regarding runoff volume and soil loss amount in different sampling times, except for the first sampling time (2–4?min). The runoff volume in BR and TR was 215% higher and 294% lower than that of the control (RR), respectively. As compared to the control (RR), soil loss decreased by 96.5% in TR but increased by 192% in BR. The BR increased soil bulk density and penetration resistance by 4.9% and 12.4%, whereas TR reduced them by 2.1% and 15.8%, respectively, as compared to the control (RR). The results indicated that the highest (0.35) and lowest (0.03) runoff coefficients were obtained for BR and TR treatments, respectively. It is concluded that returning plant residues to soil is the best residue management practice in decreasing soil runoff volume and controlling soil erosion in semi-arid regions.     

Reclamation of oil-induced soil hydrophobicity in the hyper-arid Evrona Nature Reserve, southern Israel

Two oil spills occurred in the Evrona Nature Reserve (southern Israel), in 1975 and 2014. This oil contamination induced highly persistent soil hydrophobicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the decrease in oil-induced soil hydrophobicity under different environmental conditions and to assess the relationship between the hydrophobicity and hydrocarbon content. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted over 1.5 years to monitor the soil hydrophobicity and total hydrocarbon concentration under different environmental conditions. We hypothesized that the addition of water (20% or 50% saturation), nutrients, and biosurfactants can accelerate the reduction in hydrophobicity and decomposition of hydrocarbons. Water drop penetration time and molarity of ethanol droplet tests were used to assess soil hydrophobicity. In parallel, alkane composition and total petroleum hydrocarbons were evaluated to indicate oil attenuation. The addition of water, nutrients, and biosurfactants resulted in a concomitant reduction in hydrophobicity and hydrocarbon concentration of varying degrees, exhibiting enhanced degradation and hydrophobicity reduction observed in treatments to which nutrients and biosurfactants were added. At the end of the incubation, however, soil hydrophobicity in all treatments remained severe, even though total petroleum hydrocarbon removal was fairly high and reached 40%–80% in the treatments to which water with or without nutrients and/or surfactants was added.     

Least limiting water range and crop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage

Crop rotation and the maintenance of plant residues over the soil can increase soil water storage capacity. Root access to water and nutrients depends on soil physical characteristics that may be expressed in the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) concept. In this work, the effects of crop rotation and chiselling on the soil LLWR to a depth of 0.1 m and crop yields under no‐till were studied on a tropical Alfisol in São Paulo state, Brazil, for 3 yr. Soybean and corn were grown in the summer in rotation with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Linneu, cv. ADR 300), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L., Moench), congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Germain et Evrard) and castor bean (Ricinus comunis, Linneu) during fall/winter and spring, under no‐till or chiselling. The LLWR was determined right after the desiccation of the cover crops and before soybean planting. Soil physico‐hydraulic conditions were improved in the uppermost soil layers by crop rotations under zero tillage, without initial chiselling, from the second year and on, resulting in soil quality similar to that obtained with chiselling. In seasons without severe water shortage, crop yields were not limited by soil compaction, however, in a drier season, the rotation with congo grass alone or intercropped with castor resulted in the greatest cover crop dry matter yield. Soybean yields did not respond to modifications in the LLWR.     

Spatial distributions of soil chemical and physical properties prior to planting soybean in soil under ridge‐, no‐ and conventional‐tillage in a maize–soybean rotation

Detailed information on the profile distributions of agronomically important soil properties in the planting season can be used as criteria to select the best soil tillage practices. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were collected in May, 2012 (before soybean planting), from soil transects on a 30‐yr tillage experiment, including no‐tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and mouldboard plough (MP) on a Brookston clay loam soil (mesic Typic Argiaquoll). Soil cores were taken every 19 cm across three corn rows and these were used to investigate the lateral and vertical profile characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil volumetric water content (SWC), bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR). Compared to NT and MP, the RT system resulted in greater spatial heterogeneity of soil properties across the transect. Average SOC concentrations in the top 10 cm layer were significantly greater in RT than in NT and MP (P = 0.05). NT soil contained between 0.8 and 2.5% (vol/vol) more water in the top 0–30 cm than RT and MP, respectively. MP soil had lower PR and BD in the plough layer compared to NT and RT soils, with both soil properties increasing sharply with depth in MP. The RT had lower PR relative to NT in the upper 35 cm of soil on the crop rows. Overall, RT was a superior conservation tillage option than NT in this clay loam soil; however, MP had the most favourable soil conditions in upper soil layers for early crop development across all treatments.     

玉米大斑病流行过程重要环节的初步定量研究——Ⅱ.孢子萌发侵入、潜育显症和病斑扩展

文中对玉米大斑病流行过程中的3个环节——孢子萌发侵入、潜育显症和病斑扩展进行了定量研究。提出了孢子侵入概率与露时、露温关系,逐日累积显症率与显症日数关系,潜育期与玉米生育期关系等4个回归预测式;还研究了气温、降雨对潜育显症,气温、光照对病斑扩展的影响。     

沟灌渗透对直播水稻根系形态及功能的影响

研究了不同畦宽沟灌渗透与常规淹水栽培条件下直播水稻根系特征、机能的差异及其产量性状的表现。结果表明：不同处理直播水稻根系的数量、长度、粗度、分布及活力和产量均存在一定的差异。其中，以窄畦(畦宽90cm)和中畦(畦宽130cm)沟灌渗透处理的根的数量、长度、粗度和表面面积较大，机能较强，产量分别较常规淹水栽培增产11．6％和10％。     

基于EPG技术分析苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜的抗性

为明确6个苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora的抗性差异机理,观察苜蓿蚜在不同苜蓿品种植株上的取食选择行为,利用刺吸电位（electrical penetration graph,EPG）技术判定取食过程中所出现的波形,并筛选适宜参数作为对不同苜蓿品种抗蚜性的评价指标。结果表明,苜蓿蚜在取食苜蓿时呈现出Np、Pd、A、B、C、E1、E2和F波共8种波形。苜蓿的抗虫位点主要存在于苜蓿植株的表皮、叶肉和韧皮部,当苜蓿蚜开始取食时,中苜2号的抗虫位点在叶表面,但抗性较弱,第1次刺探的发生时间迟,为16.00 min,E2波的总持续时间长,为26.99 min;赛迪7的抗虫位点集中在叶肉和韧皮部且抗性强,E2波的持续时间短,为5.00 min;金皇后的抗虫位点出现在第1个E2波之后,第1次E2波后的E1波个数为7.78个,即韧皮部的抗性最强。苜蓿蚜在不同苜蓿品种上的取食行为各异,且不同品种的抗虫位点和抗虫机制不同。聚类分析结果显示,6个苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜的抗性存在差异,其中赛迪7的抗性最强,中苜2号的抗性较弱。