福建省梨地方品种的遗传多样性研究

利用叶绿体DNA非编码区序列acc D-psa I和17对SSR引物对原产于福建省的49个梨地方品种的遗传多样性进行分析,旨在为育种利用提供参考。获得49份福建地方品种的acc D-psa I序列,并检测到4个多态性位点,包含5个叶绿体单倍型(Hap1~Hap5),其中核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00139,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.660。TCS网络图显示Hap5是最古老的单倍型,其仅在两个样品中检测到。17个SSR位点共检测到211个等位基因位点,有效等位基因数(A)为5~23个,平均值为12.41;观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)的平均值分别为0.5802和0.7549;17个SSR位点的Shannon’s信息指数(I)值为0.5830~2.7683,平均值为1.8661,表现出较高的遗传多样性。基于Nei和Li的遗传距离的邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)将49份样品聚为9个组,其中大部分聚类结果与单倍型类型表现的亲缘关系较为一致。叶绿体单倍型和SSR多态性位点信息证实福建地方品种具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。     

早熟梨不同整形方式研究

通过开展不同整形方式研究,结果表明:梨幼树不同树形对侧枝生长、树冠形成的影响不同,因此在开花结果早晚、前期产量、效益方面差异较大。以折叠式扇形和Y字形整形提高早期产量效果最为显著。在每667m2栽植110株左右的密度情况下,常常采用折叠式扇形的树形;在栽植密度大于110株/667m2的情况下,采用Y字形树形;栽植密度小于40株/667m2以下的早熟梨采用疏散分层形的树形。根据不同整形方式的方差分析,得出丰产树形结构指标:在栽培密度110株/667m2的条件下,‘翠冠’梨产量控制在3000～4000kg/667m2,枝量30000～40000枝/667m2,一般每20～25cm着生1个结果枝,叶面积系数2.5～3.2,果距保持20～25cm,留果量12000～16000个/667m2,叶果比25～30:1,枝果比2～2.5:1,中短果枝占85%～90%,单株负荷27.5～37.5kg。     

黔北梨园主要病虫害的发生动态和演变原因及防治

通过对黔北梨园主要病虫害的调查研究,分析近些年来该地区梨树病虫种群的发生动态和演变原因,提出加强农业措施,积极开展物理、生物防治,合理使用化学防治的对策。     

滴灌湿润比对成龄库尔勒香梨生长及耗水规律的影响

田间试验采用3种滴灌湿润比(20%、40%、60%),并以传统漫灌(土壤湿润比为100%)为对照,利用负压计和石膏块监测果树根区土壤水势,观测不同生育阶段内果树的生长指标;用水量平衡法计算不同处理梨树不同生育期的日均耗水量、作物系数与蒸发皿系数.试验结果表明,充分灌溉条件下,滴灌湿润比为20%、40%、60%的成龄香梨...     

苦瓜杂交制种技术研究

苦瓜杂交制种父母本在上午7～9时,且每朵雄花授2～4朵雌花,授粉后30天左右采收,种子各项生理指标均达到较理想的水平,可显著提高杂交种子的产量和质量.     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

壳寡糖在早熟梨生产中的应用研究

壳寡糖(chito-oligosaccharide，COS)作为一种植物诱抗剂，在植物生长调节及诱导植物抗逆性、抗病性等方面显示了极大的应用潜力。试验研究发现，在早熟梨生产中喷施壳寡糖50 mg?L-1，可明显增强树势，提高抗病能力，促进生长，减少落果，防止梨树早期落叶，单株产量提高18.5％以上, 梨果可溶性固形物含量增加0.8％以上，对提高产量和改善品质效果显著。     

有机与无机肥料对山地梨枣品质的影响

设置不同无机肥料(氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和氮磷钾混合肥施用)、不同有机肥(沼肥和腐熟油渣肥)和不施肥(对照),研究不同施肥方法对梨枣的水分含量,总糖、可溶性固形物、还原型抗坏血酸和总抗坏血酸、质构特性以及有机酸的影响。结果表明:肥料对梨枣的水分含量没有显著性影响,显著降低了梨枣的苹果酸,柠檬酸和有机酸总含量。有机肥沼肥和腐熟油渣肥可显著提高梨枣的果皮果肉硬度和咀嚼性以及可溶性固形物、总糖含量、抗坏血酸含量,酒石酸含量却显著降低。无机肥料氮肥、磷肥、钾肥中,钾肥有利于梨枣的可溶性固形物、总糖、抗坏血酸,苹果酸和柠檬酸的含量积累,而酒石酸含量却减少。表明增施有机肥和钾肥有利于山地梨枣品质的提高。     

徐淮地区避雨栽培对早熟砂梨果实糖积累和营养生长的影响

为探索避雨栽培对早熟砂梨果实糖积累和营养生长的影响,以早熟砂梨苏翠1号和翠冠为试材,采用高效液相色谱比较分析果实生长发育期避雨栽培与露地栽培果实糖含量的变化,以及新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶鲜质量、叶干质量和叶片含水量等营养生理变化。结果表明:(1)避雨栽培环境光照强度较露地栽培低,2种栽培模式光照强度日平均变化趋势基本一致,避雨设施营造的栽培环境对果实品质的形成有影响,果实生长发育期果糖与葡萄糖含量较高,进入后期蔗糖积累量上升,葡萄糖含量有所下降,进入后期果糖和蔗糖积累占比较高,避雨栽培下苏翠1号和翠冠果实可溶性糖含量的积累量较露地栽培高21.73%、17.97%。(2) 2个早熟梨品种果实有机酸含量避雨栽培较露地栽培低,主要对苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎宁酸含量的影响较大,其中苏翠1号和翠冠果实苹果酸含量避雨栽培较露地栽培分别低35.08%、21.05%,避雨栽培对莽草酸含量影响不明显。(3)避雨栽培对早熟梨新梢长度、粗度和叶干质量无显著影响(P>0.05),对叶鲜质量和叶片含水量影响较大,苏翠1号和翠冠叶鲜质量避雨栽培较露地栽培分别低8.22%、10.15%,2个品种叶片含水量避雨栽培均显著(P<0.05)低于露地栽培。