双层棚架式栽培的日本梨品种光合特性初探

以双层棚架式栽培条件下的7个日本梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种为试材,采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对各品种的光合特性进行了比较研究,结果表明,日本梨品种喜水、新高、清澄为光合能力和干物质积累能力较高、水分需求量较多的类型,秋荣较低,筑水、幸水、丰水的光合能力和水分消耗都属中等,而秋荣属于光合能力和水分消耗均较低的类型.建议在日照充足、灌溉条件好的地方发展日本梨可选喜水、新高、清澄,而灌溉条件较差的地方可选秋荣.整形方式可采用双层棚架式.     

Extension of fresh-cut “Blanquilla” pear (Pyrus communis L.) shelf-life by 1-MCP treatment after harvest

‘Blanquilla’ pears processed as fresh-cut products are highly sensitive to browning and softening. Common postharvest methods, such as the use of antibrowning compounds and/or modified atmosphere packaging, fail to preserve ‘Blanquilla’ pear slices long enough to be marketable. However, treatment with 1-MCP before cutting and peeling considerably improved their textural properties (9.2 N vs. 1.1 N with and without 1-MCP treatment, respectively) and color (a* values of 1 vs. 5 after 15 d at 4 °C, for slices pear treated with 1-MCP and without treatment, respectively). These positive changes were closely related to a decrease in respiratory activity determined on whole pears after 3 months of storage in air at 0 ± 1 °C and 95% R.H. (0.40 ± 0.05 mmol CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ vs. 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ with and without 1-MCP treatment, respectively) and ethylene production (1.18 ± 0.36 nmol C₂H₄ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ vs. 5.751 ± 1.12 nmol C₂H₄ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ for samples treated with and without 1-MCP, respectively). The use of 1-MCP allows fresh-cut ‘Blanquilla’ pears to be sold up to about 5 d after processing. Treatment with 1-MCP could be a viable alternative to common technologies for extending the shelf-life of ‘Blanquilla’ pears as a fresh-cut product.     

嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

Identification of putative defense-related genes in Japanese pear against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria alternata</Emphasis> infection using suppression subtractive hybridization and expression analysis

The Japanese pear pathotype of Alternaria alternata, a toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen, causes black spot of Japanese pear by producing the host-specific AK-toxin. Pre-inoculation with nonpathogenic A. alternata or pretreatment with an elicitor prepared from A. alternata reduced disease symptoms caused by the pathogen. Salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathways are not involved in the induced resistance to infection by the pathogen. The expression of multiple defense-related genes in Japanese pear leaves inoculated with nonpathogenic A. alternata was examined using suppression subtractive hybridization. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database as accessions DC993229–DC993535.     

贵德县梨树始花期与气象因子的相关分析及预报模型

为准确预报贵德地区梨树的始花期提供方法支持。笔者利用2007—2014 年青海省贵德县气象局观测的梨树始花期资料和地面气象观测资料,对影响梨树始花期的气象因子进行分析。结果表明：影响梨树始花期的主要气象因子是气温稳定通过5.0℃到3 月底的积温值。利用逐步回归分析方法建立了基于主要气象因子的梨树始花期预报模型,用所建立的预测模型对2007—2014 年梨花始花期进行回测,准确率较高。对2015 年梨树始花期日期进行预测,预测值与实际观测值之间相差1 天,预报值基本吻合。所建立的预测模型能准确预测贵德县梨树始花期的预报。     

草酸处理对库尔勒香梨黑斑病抑制效果的研究

分别采用50、100、400 mmol·L-1浓度的草酸溶液浸泡库尔勒香梨10 min,以蒸馏水处理为对照,晾干后,损伤接种黑斑病病原菌,分析香梨果实常温(25℃)贮藏9 d期间病斑及相关抗性生理指标的变化,研究不同浓度的草酸处理对库尔勒香梨黑斑病的抑制效果。结果表明,各组草酸处理可显著提高香梨果实的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶活性,增强抗病性,降低果实细胞渗透率,抑制接种后黑斑病面积与深度的扩展。综合各项指标,其中有效提高库尔勒香梨抗病性的最佳草酸处理浓度为100 mmol·L-1。     

苦瓜醋加工工艺研究

以苦瓜为原料研制一种苦瓜保健醋,通过单因素和正交试验,确定最佳的工艺参数。结果表明,提取苦瓜汁的最佳工艺参数为:酶解时间2.5 h,酶解温度50℃,加酶量24 m L,酶解p H 4.0;酒精发酵的最佳工艺参数为:发酵温度30℃、酵母接种量0.05%、糖度18°BX;醋酸发酵的最优工艺参数为:醋酸菌接种量6%,装瓶量为20%,酒精含量8%,发酵温度30℃。上述工艺条件下制得的苦瓜醋呈淡绿色,口感微酸、微苦,组织细腻柔和,澄清透明,无沉淀和杂质,不黏稠,流动性较好。     

Genomics of pear and other Rosaceae fruit trees

The family Rosaceae includes many economically important fruit trees, such as pear, apple, peach, cherry, quince, apricot, plum, raspberry, and loquat. Over the past few years, whole-genome sequences have been released for Chinese pear, European pear, apple, peach, Japanese apricot, and strawberry. These sequences help us to conduct functional and comparative genomics studies and to develop new cultivars with desirable traits by marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. These genomics resources also allow identification of evolutionary relationships in Rosaceae, development of genome-wide SNP and SSR markers, and construction of reference genetic linkage maps, which are available through the Genome Database for the Rosaceae website. Here, we review the recent advances in genomics studies and their practical applications for Rosaceae fruit trees, particularly pear, apple, peach, and cherry.     

早酥梨病程相关基因非表达子1基因（NPR1）克隆及原核表达

本研究以成年早酥梨(Pyrus bretschneideri cv.Zaosu)叶片为材料,通过RT-PCR克隆早酥梨病程相关基因非表达子1基因(NPR1)并获得其全长序列1771 bp,开放阅读框为1761 bp,编码586个氨基酸(GenBank登录号:FJ769372).利用NCBI/Blastp和ClustalX软件进行相似性分析表明,目的基因编码蛋白质序列与日本梨(p.pyrifolia)、秋子梨(P.ussuriensis)、苹果(Malus xdomestica)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的NPR1蛋白相似性分别为99%、98%、98%、67%和59%.将其连接pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体并转化大肠杆菌(EScherichia coli)BL21,经IPTG诱导表达获得大小约为91 kD的目的融合蛋白,融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达,表达量约占总蛋白17%.     

15个新疆梨品种果实性状评价

[目的]研究梨育种材料果实性状品种间相似度和遗传多样性,比较评价15个新疆梨品种果实性状,为梨种质创新和杂交育种亲本选配提供参考.[方法]采用方差分析法和Q型聚类,对梨果实进行比较及分类,基于果实性状进行主成分分析.[结果](1)新疆地方梨品种多样性丰富,各数量性状变异系数范围为8.83％ ～78.39％,果形指数变异...