磺胺甲基异噁唑在大菱鲆体内的代谢动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆、肌肉和肝脏中的磺胺甲基异噁唑含量，通过3P97药动学软件对磺胺甲基异噁唑在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学规律进行了分析研究。研究结果表明，在（11±1）℃水温条件下，单次口灌100mg／kg磺胺甲基异噁唑（SMZ）,SMZ在大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏和血浆中的代谢过程均符合一级吸收一室模型。大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏和血浆中药物浓度分别在给药后11．89、10．53和4.87h达到最大值，Cmax分别为21．52、5．35和44．07mg／kg，给药后5、6d和72h含量低于最大残留限量（0．1mg／kg），18、24和10d后SMZ未检出（〈0．01mg／kg）。     

饲料中添加不同脂肪源、VC和VE对大菱鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

研究了不同脂肪源、VC和VE以及上述3种复合营养性添加剂对大菱鲆非特异性免疫力、生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,以鳀鱼鱼油为脂肪源,添加高剂量的VE能提高大菱鲆血清补体活性,并且提高大菱鲆的溶菌酶活性,但不影响大菱鲆血液的中性粒细胞吞噬率及白细胞总数;饲料中VC含量增加到250mg/kg,大菱鲆血液中的白细胞总数明显增加,而进一步提高饲料中的VC含量时,其白细胞总数没有显著变化;血清溶菌酶活性在VC含量为250mg/kg时最高。饲料中VC含量对白细胞的吞噬活性没有影响。在75d的养殖时间内,摄食复合营养性免疫增强剂的大菱鲆,其体重增重率(平均为95·3%)和成活率(99·4%)均明显高于未摄食营养型免疫增强剂的对照组体重增重率(68·0%)和成活率(93·7%)。     

Growth, survival and pigmentation of turbot （Scophthalmus maximus） larvae fed live-prey enriched with ESP and S. S

用两种营养强化剂(ESP，S．S)强化轮虫、卤虫活饵料，以探讨这两种强化剂对大菱鲆生长、存活及色素沉积情况。结果发现ESP组能明显改善大菱鲆的色素异常，两组大菱鲆生长相似。用ESP强化组的存活率高于S．S强化组。     

Effect of dietary inulin and oligosaccharides as prebiotics for weaning turbot, Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, C. 1758)

Preliminary experiments were undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary inulin (Raftiline ST), oligofructose (Raftilose P95) and lactosucrose on the growth and intestinal bacteria of the marine carnivorous turbot, Psetta maxima. Turbot larvae were weaned on compound diets containing 2% Rafiline ST, 2% Raftilose P95 or 2% lactosucrose; 2% cellulose was the carbon source in the control group. The final mean weight of the group weaned with Raftilose P95 was significantly higher than those observed with the other diets. The bacterial load was highly variable in weaning turbot, especially with respect to the putative Vibrio spp. growing on TCBS agar which, in general, seemed to be dominant. Of the total load of bacterial isolates from turbot weaned on oligofructose, 14% consisted of a strain of Bacillus spp. This strain could use Raftilose P95 as a single source of carbon, and it might play a role in the beneficial effect of oligofructose on turbot growth, since Bacillus spp. have been documented as probiotics in fish.     

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of muscle from farmed and wild adult turbot

The aim of this study was to compare the total lipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid contents, phospholipid class distribution and fatty acid composition of these lipids in muscle of wild and farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of similar body size. The results showed that muscle of farmed turbot had a higher lipid content than that of wild turbot (1.06% versus 0.64%) because they contained more neutral lipids (0.52% versus 0.24%) and more phospholipids (0.54% versus 0.40%).Distribution of phospholipid classes in muscle of both wild and farmed turbot was similar with 67–70% phosphatidyl choline, 22–25% phosphatidyl ethanolamine and 4.4–5.2% phosphatidyl inositol plus phosphatidyl serine and 2.4–2.9% sphingomyeline.Compared to wild turbot, all of the lipid classes from farmed turbot contained lower proportions of long chain -3 PUFA and 20:4 -6 and conversely higher proportions of 20:1 and 22:1. The ratio between -3 and -6 polyunsatured fatty acids was higher in all the lipid fractions of wild turbot than in those of farmed fish (8.8 versus 4.2 in total lipids, 11.0 versus 3.3 in neutral lipids, 7.9 versus 4.7 in phospholipids). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

大菱鲆工厂化养殖试验

2001年4月22日－2002年4月22日的实验结果表明，大菱鲆工厂化养殖应选择水温为7－24℃的水源，最好控制在13－18℃之间，PH值大于7，盐度高于15，水循环量6－8个，在上述条件下，其生长速度为1龄期间1mm/d左右，养殖12个月后体重平均可达700g左右，密度15－20尾／m^2，成活率93．7％，湿性颗粒饵料系数1．83，随着个体长大，雌、雄个体出现明显差异，水温13－18℃时，摄食量变化不明显；9－13℃时，摄食量随水温降低而减少，投饵量视鱼体大小和摄食状况而定。     

Effect of some repetitive factors on turbot stress response

The stress response of the turbot, Scopthalmus maximus (L.), to repetitive factors including netting, air exposure, blood sampling and hand-stripping, were tested using two different tank sizes as well as two blood sampling techniques. Exposure of juvenile fish to air for 1-4 min had no immediate effect on plasma cortisol concentrations or haematocrit values. Similarly, the serial netting of immature fish from tanks did not significantly modify plasma cortisol concentrations, haematocrit or osmolarity values. Hand-stripping of mature males was more disturbing than air exposure. The cumulative effect on plasma cortisol levels and osmolarity of stress factors such as netting, air exposure, blood sampling and stripping applied simultaneously to mature males in a 16 m3 tank and repeated twice daily for several days was recorded. The level of cortisol increased from 5 ng ml-1 to 300 ng ml-1 after 10 days of treatment, while an osmoregulatory imbalance and fish death were observed. Moreover, adaptation of fish to smaller tanks seemed to improve the increased plasma cortisol levels and death rate. Reduction in the number of stress factors applied greatly decreased both the range of physiological responses and the death rate. In order to avoid a cumulative stress response, handling of fish should therefore be reduced to a minimum.     

大菱鲆精子低温短期保存

大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)精子仅能体外存活10min左右,根本来不及从养殖场带回实验室,而生产单位的实验条件又有限,这严重限制了大菱鲆精子的实验研究。本文利用TS19做稀释液,6%DMSO作抗冻剂,在4℃下保存大菱鲆精子,每隔一段时间观察1次被保存精子的成活率。结果发现,大菱鲆精子体外存活时间可延长到3h。用保存3h的大菱鲆精子做授精实验,在各种精卵比的情况下,受精率与鲜精对照组没有显著差异。本实验保存大菱鲆精子的方法完全满足了大菱鲆精子短距离运输的要求。     

高植物蛋白饲料中不同水平低分子水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长及肝脏IGF-I受体表达的影响

本研究利用低分子水解鱼蛋白设计了4组等氮等能的高植物蛋白饲料,研究不同水平低分子水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼[(4.16±0.01)g]生长性能、鱼体组成及肝脏中类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ受体(Insulin-like growth factor receptor,IGF-IR)表达的影响.水解鱼蛋白分别替代总蛋白的5％(UF-5)、10％(UF-10)、20％(UF-20)的鱼粉,无添加FPH组为对照组(UF-0),用这4种饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼84 d,结果显示,UF-0、UF-5和UF-10组的增重率、特定生长率无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-0、UF-5组的饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率无显著差异(P＞0.05),而显著高于UF-10、UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-0、UF-5和UF-10三组鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-5组必需氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05),其他3组间无显著差异(P＞0.05);肝脏中IGF-IR mRNA的表达随着水解鱼蛋白替代水平的增加而升高,且UF-20组与其他3组差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,适当添加低水平水解鱼蛋白(UF-5)可促进大菱鲆幼鱼的生长、提高饲料效率及促进肌肉必需氨基酸的积累;高水平添加低分子水解鱼蛋白(UF-20)会抑制其生长及饲料利用等;低分子水解鱼蛋白可提高大菱鲆肝脏中IGF-IR基因的表达量.     

Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live-prey enriched in Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic acids

Turbot larvae were fed live-prey enriched with different levels of arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids to study the effects of these fatty acids on body composition and pigmentation success. Significantly reduced pigmentation was obtained in those fish fed medium and high ARA diets for 43 days. Growth and survival were the same for all groups. The incorporation of ARA and EPA in fish eyes, brains, livers and carcasses reflected the percentage of these fatty acids in the diets. ARA accumulation was similar in all tissues, but brain accumulated EPA was less efficient than the other tissues examined. A highly significant, negative correlation was found between the %ARA in turbot juvenile brain total lipids and pigmentation success. A weaker, positive correlation was found between brain EPA and pigmentation. Increasing dietary ARA affected the fatty acid composition of turbot brain phosphoglycerides more than increasing dietary EPA, especially in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A negative relationship was found between percentage normal pigmentation and ARA levels in brain phosphatidylcholine (PC), PE and phosphatidylserine (PS). Elevated levels of ARA in PI also resulted in malpigmented juveniles, but EPA:ARA ratios ≥1 in PI were associated with normal pigmentation. We conclude that, given a sufficiency of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the optimum dietary level of EPA is not a function of DHA, but of dietary ARA.