Induction of triploidy in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): II. Effects of cold shock timing and induction of triploidy in a large volume of eggs

Triploidy was induced in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) by applying cold shocks shortly after fertilization. The combined effects of the timing of cold shock commencement after fertilization, cold shock duration and cold shock temperature were investigated. Ploidy was assessed by counting the number of nucleoli per nucleus (NOR) in larvae and also by measuring erythrocyte size in juveniles. A clear peak in triploidy induction was obtained when shocks were started between 6 and 7 min after fertilization at a pre-shock temperature of 13–14°C. With this timing, shocks of 20-min duration at 0°C gave >90% triploidy, with survival about 80% of the untreated controls. In order to ensure both high triploidy rates and high survival, it was necessary to carefully maintain the water temperature just below 0°C. Experiments with small and large volumes of eggs were performed in order to determine how changes in the relative volumes of eggs and chilled water could affect survival and triploidy induction. The best combination to induce triploidy in the turbot was as follows: shock commencement 6.5 min after fertilization, shock duration 25 min, and shock temperature between 0 and −1°C. With this combination, 100% triploidy could consistently be induced with survival 60% of the untreated control. This was successfully applied to a large volume of eggs (300 ml; 1 ml 800 eggs) in order to mass-produce triploid turbot. Triploids had lower survival rate than diploids at hatching but similar thereafter, with the ability to complete the different stages of larval rearing, indicating the viability to produce triploid turbot under farming conditions.     

Cytotoxic activity against prelabelled RTG-2 cells in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

Leucocytes derived from head kidney, blood and spleen of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), exhibited cytotoxic activities against an established cell line (RTG-2) derived from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The optimal effector:target ratio, temperature and incubation period for the activity was determined. Cytotoxicity was not caused by released factors, as effector:target contact was needed. Visualization of the cultures under the transmission electron microscope corroborated the contact between leucocytes and target cells and suggested the implication of monocyte-like cells in this cell-mediated cytotoxicity.     

The effect of high ortho-phosphate water levels on growth,feed intake,nutrient utilization and health status of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) reared in intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)

In intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) ortho-phosphate (ortho-P) is one of the main accumulating substances, but effects of chronically elevated concentrations on fish health and production performance are still unknown. Therefore 120 juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) were exposed to ortho-P concentrations of 3 mg/L (control – C), 26 mg/L (low – LP), 52 mg/L (medium – MP) and 82 mg/L (high – HP) for 56 days and fed until satiation with a commercial diet. Health status and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly affected by treatment (p > 0.05). Specific growth rates (SGR) and daily feed intake (DFI) of C were not considered significantly different from LP, MP and HP treatments, however LP showed significant higher DFI and SGR than HP (p < 0.05). Using non-linear regression between SGR and ortho-P concentrations, 27 mg/L ortho-P was found as the optimum for turbot growth. Although not reflected in blood plasma P levels (p > 0.05) a potential aqueous P uptake might result in metabolic benefits leading to the observed growth enhancement in the LP treatment.In a second experiment 114 juvenile turbot were exposed to ortho-P concentrations of 2 mg/L (C2) and 25 mg/L (LP2) for 63 days and fed until satiation with a low P diet (4.6 g digestible-P/kg diet). Overall production performance was low due to low voluntary feed intake. Whereas the FCR was unaffected by treatment (p > 0.05), significantly higher feed intake and biomass gain were observed for LP2 compared to C2 (p < 0.05). LP2 treatment showed a trend for higher protein retention efficiency and lower whole body lipid content (p < 0.1). The dry matter, ash, Phosphorus, Calcium and protein content in whole body did not significantly vary between treatments (p > 0.05).In conclusion the accumulation of ortho-P in RAS does not negatively affect health of turbot. Elevated ortho-P seems to have slight positive effects on production performance of juvenile turbot. Further research to quantify dietary P requirements for turbot in general, as well as for turbot raised under elevated ortho-P conditions in RAS is strongly required.     

基于生命周期评价（LCA）的2种大菱鲆养殖模式对环境影响对比研究

[目的]评价流水养殖模式与循环水养殖模式对环境的影响.[方法]采用生命周期评价方法,以单尾大菱鲆增重50 g为功能单位,将2种模式分为饲料生产、电力生产和养殖系统排放3个阶段,从能源消耗、全球变暖影响、酸化潜势和富营养化潜势等方面评价2种模式对环境的影响.[结果]流水养殖模式的4种环境影响类型指数分别为2.96×10^-7、1.19×10^-4、4.62 ×10^-5和1.20×10^-3,而循环水养殖模式的4种环境影响类型指数分别为4.43×10^-7、1.85×10^-4、7.00 ×10^-5和5.05×10^-4.2种养殖模式的的综合指数分别为0.001 37和0.000 76.[结论]循环水养殖模式的环境性能优于流水养殖模式.     

Effects of size grading on growth and survival of juvenile turbot at two temperatures

Juvenile turbot were size graded into three size groups (mean initial size): Small (3.4 g), medium (7.0 g) and large (10.5 g), and additional fish were held in ungraded (6.6 g) groups. Subgroups (n = 396) of fish were tagged and individual growth rates and social interactions within different size categories were studied in fish reared at 13 and 19 °C. Size grading of juvenile turbot did not improve growth. Specific growth rates (SGR) were mainly size-related, and no differences in SGR or mortality between the experimental groups at both tem-peratures were found. A higher level of social interactions was indicated amongst medium-sized fish than amongst those in the smallest and largest categories. Excess feeding may have been important factors in reducing aggression, so that the growth of the smallest individuals was not suppressed by the larger individuals in the present study. Grading seems to be an unnecessary operation to improve the growth and survival of juvenile turbot (5- 150 g). However, as it was mainly the smallest individuals in each group that died, grading of very small turbot (2-5 g) can be recommended.     

大菱鲆选育家系雌、雄群体的生长发育差异

采用全长/体长、体高/体长、全长/体高和体质量为评价指标,分别对9~33月龄大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中体型的动态变化及生长性能差异进行了比较。大菱鲆雌、雄群体形态比较结果显示,雌、雄群体的全长/体长、体高/体长、全长/体高在不同发育阶段呈现特有的变化,但在雌、雄群体间,除33月龄的体高/体长和全长/体高差异达到显著水平外,3项指标在不同阶段没有差异或差异不显著,即可以认为,对于统计初始体质量相同或相近的大菱鲆雌、雄群体,全长/体长、体高/体长和全长/体高3个形态比例指标是随发育时间序列同步变化。基于Logistic模型对大菱鲆雌、雄群体生长性能的比较结果显示,雌性群体的拐点月龄、拐点体质量和最大月增重均大于雄性群体;对于雌性和雄性群体的瞬时增长率,除在9~13月龄雌性群体稍低于雄性群体外,13~33月龄的雌性群体均高于雄性群体,且随着生长发育和体质量差异的增大,雌、雄瞬时增长率的差异也呈增大趋势;雄性群体进入快速生长期的始速点和进入缓慢生长期的终速点均比雌性群体提前,雄性群体的快速生长期时间区间长度小于雌性群体,其对应的体质量区间长度也小于雌性群体,雌性群体在快速生长期的月增重显著高于雄性群体。研究表明,大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中存在着显著的生长差异,而形态差异不显著。     

不同加工工艺的饲料对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及养殖水环境的影响

比较了两种加工工艺对饲料(D1、D2)颗粒物理性状的影响,并用其投喂初始体重为16 g的大菱鲆幼鱼64 d,比较其对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、饲料利用和养殖水环境的影响。结果显示,D2组饲料平均颗粒直径、平均百粒重和水中稳定性显著高于D1组(P0.05),但其吸水性、堆积密度和沉降速度显著低于D1组(P0.05)。D2组大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率、特异生长率、摄食率及蛋白质效率显著高于D1组(P0.05)。大菱鲆对D2组饲料中干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率显著高于D1组(P0.05),但对粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。投喂18 h后,养殖水体中N、P含量均有了显著升高,D2组每升水中每千克鱼产生的亚硝酸氮含量显著高于D1组(P0.05),但硝酸氮和总氮增加量显著低于D1组(P0.05);D2组活性磷酸盐及总磷酸盐增加量显著低于D1组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,不同的加工工艺显著影响了颗粒饲料的物理性状和饲料利用,并对养殖水环境造成了影响。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗视网膜组织结构与视觉特性

采用石蜡连续切片技术研究了初孵至50日龄大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗的视网膜结构及视觉特性.测定了鱼苗发育过程中视网膜横切面上视锥细胞(CC)、外核层细胞核(ONN)和神经节细胞(GC)的数量变化,以及鱼苗经明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的变化.结果显示,2日龄仔鱼视网膜上出现色素层和视锥细胞层,为仔鱼开口摄食提供了视觉基础.5日龄仔鱼的视网膜没有运动反应.鱼苗从16日龄发育到30日龄,明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的差值显著升高(P＜0.01),表明视网膜出现了显著的运动反应.16-39日龄,鱼苗视网膜上CC、GC数量显著减少(P＜0.01),ONN数量显著增多(P＜0.01),39-50日龄,视网膜上CC、GC和ONN数量没有出现显著差异(P＞0.05).大菱鲆鱼苗变态前视网膜视敏度高,光敏性低,变态后视敏度降低,光敏性增强,视网膜逐步适应感受弱光的刺激,这与大菱鲆鱼苗变态后从浮游到底栖的生活习性相适应.变态后的大菱鲆光感受系统不发达.     

大菱鲆选育家系体重性状的分形特征

分析了2007～2010年度18月龄体重性状的信息维数和关联维数。分析结果显示,2007～2010年度所构建的大菱鲆选育家系群体18月龄体重性状的信息维数介于0．9422～0．9586之间,不同年度之间的信息雏数变异不显著,这说明不同年度各选育家系群体18月龄体重性状的信息维数均为较大值,所统计群体的遗传变异都十分丰富,统计性状的变异范围也较大,显示出良好的育种潜力。相应数据的关联维数分析结果表明,除2008年度小尺度范围的关联维数是0．4284外,其余各小尺度范围的关联维数均高于0．73,这表明,从分析结果的总体来看,大菱鲆各选育家系群体内个体间的遗传结构的相关性较高;信息维数和关联维数作为研究分形特征的指标,从两个角度阐明了选育性状遗传结构的分形特征,在实际的良种选育过程中,应考虑这两方面的因素,确定适当的留种率。     

镉在大菱鲆体内蓄积规律及对生长和食品安全影响初探

采用鱿鱼、头足类及其加工下脚料等高含镉原料配制饲料喂养大菱鲆亲鱼,发现诱食效果较好、鱼体增重较快,但一年后出现死亡率增高的现象。经解剖观察,死鱼的肝、肾、胰腺、胆等均有不同的病变现象。研究镉在其体内蓄积规律,发现镉在鱼的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的含量分别是饲喂普通饲料养殖大菱鲆的4～9倍、6～9倍和5～10倍,且死鱼的镉含量高于活鱼;镉在鱼肝脏和肾脏中的含量分别是肌肉中的100-400倍,是主要的蓄积器官和靶器官。高含镉饲料可能对养殖大菱鲆健康生长和食品安全卫生造成严重影响。