山西谷子地方品种农艺性状和品质性状的综合评价

【目的】通过对山西谷子地方品种种质资源农艺性状和品质性状进行综合评价,分析山西谷子种质资源的多样性特点和分布规律,为种质资源的评价和新品种选育提供参考。【方法】利用变异系数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数对212份山西谷子种质资源的15个性状进行多样性分析和性状差异分析,采用聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析以及逐步回归分析对山西谷子种质资源进行综合评价和鉴定指标筛选。【结果】212份山西谷子种质资源多样性指数范围为0.92—2.15,除粒色外,均大于1.00;变异系数范围为3.35%—38.66%,株高、穗长、茎长、茎粗、穗粗、节数、码数、码粒数、单穗重、穗粒重、千粒重、直/支比和粒色变异比较丰富,淀粉和蛋白质变化较小。聚类分析把山西谷子种质资源分为3个类群：第一类群北部品种,来源地包括大同和朔州;第二类群中部品种,来源地包括阳泉、太原、晋中和榆次;第三类群南部品种,来源地包括临汾和运城,与山西地理分布吻合;北部品种中单穗重、穗粒重和千粒重等性状的平均值更高,南部品种中码粒数、单穗重、千粒重、蛋白质、淀粉和直/支比表现出更高的变异性。主成分分析把15个性状归为9个主成分,累计贡献率为89.26%,表明9个主成分包含了谷子表型性状的大部分信息。山西谷子种质资源表型性状的综合得分F值均值为0.521,临汾的黄疙瘩最高（0.709）,大同的牛毛黄最低（0.315）。15个性状和综合得分F值的相关性分析表明,10个农艺性状（株高、穗长、茎长、茎粗、穗粗、节数、码数、码粒数、单穗重和穗粒重）与F值呈极显著正相关,直/支比与F值也呈极显著正相关。采用逐步回归分析法筛选出9个性状,分别为株高、穗长、茎长、码数、码粒数、单穗重、蛋白质、直/支比和粒色。【结论】山西谷子地方品种表型多样性丰富,山西谷子资源划分为南部品种、中部品种和北部品种,划分结果与地理来源吻合。直/支比可作为评价指标引入到谷子种质资源的综合评价中。筛选出9个性状可以作为谷子种质资源性状评价指标。山西谷子南部资源多样性更丰富,可作为谷子品质和特色育种的资源库。     

哈尼梯田水稻农家品种遗传多样性的原生境保护研究进展

以元阳哈尼梯田水稻农家品种种植现状为例,回顾了现有的关于元阳哈尼梯田水稻农家品种遗传多样性的研究,包括表型遗传多样性和基因遗传多样性;归纳了元阳哈尼梯田原生境保护下生态环境对水稻品种遗传多样性的影响,主要包括地理条件影响和生物因素影响;总结了元阳当地传统知识和文化对元阳哈尼梯田水稻农家品种遗传多样性的影响;探究了原生境保护水稻农家品种的优越性。研究旨在为水稻农家品种及相关农家作物资源的保护工作提供科学依据。     

吉林省长白猪的生长发育测定

为阐明吉林省长白猪后备种猪各生长阶段的增重情况,以顺利进行适合于吉林省气候环境和饲养管理条件的长白猪选育,选择长白仔猪(丹麦系×丹麦系种),进行试验.结果表明,长白猪的生长发育较快,饲料利用率和经济效益均较高.     

Variability in European Maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) Landraces under High and Low Nitrogen Inputs

An European maize (Zea mays L.) landrace core collection (EMLCC) was formed with samples from several countries. Evaluation of the EMLCC may contribute to broad the genetic base of maize breeding programs. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of EMLCC under low nitrogen (N) in relation to high N input. Eighty-five landraces of the EMLCC, grouped in four maturity groups, and three check hybrids were evaluated for response to low (0 kg ha⁻¹) and high (150 kg ha⁻¹) N in Spain and Greece. Five plant size traits (plant height, ear height, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area index), two grain traits (1000-kernel weight and grain yield), and two agronomic traits [growing degree units (GDU) and lodging] were studied. Overall means of plant size and grain traits increased when genotypes were grown at 150-N relative to 0-N input. The relative increase for grain traits was smaller in landraces than in hybrids. This suggests that landraces had lower grain yield response to N supply compared to hybrids. Linear regressions of plant size traits on GDU indicated that vegetative development was primarily associated with flowering lateness. The maturity group was the main source of variation for all traits. Landrace variability within maturity groups was significant for all traits across environments, despite significant landrace × environment interactions. Estimates of genetic and genotype × environment variances, and heritabilities at both high and low N inputs were not significantly different from each other. However estimates were generally larger at high N. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients between the two N levels were very high for all traits.     

Assessment of bulking strategies for RAPD analyses of flax germplasm

Effectiveness of several bulking strategies was empirically assessed in detecting RAPD variations and determining genetic relationships of five flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) landrace accessions. Bulking ten individuals before and after DNA isolations generated consistent RAPD variations. About 30% of the polymorphic RAPD loci observed in the plant-by-plant (PBP) sample were difficult to score and/or undetected in the bulked samples of the same accession. Heterogeneity among the six bulked samples of the same accession was observed at 5.6% of the loci scored. The frequency of a specific RAPD band present in those individuals used to form a bulk was at least 1/11 for its detection in the bulked sample. In spite of these limitations, bulking still generated compatible genetic relationships of the five accessions from its PBP sampling.     

IL‐12p40 gene expression in lung and hilar lymph nodes of MPS‐resistant pigs

Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M.hp) and is a common chronic respiratory disease of pigs. Recently, a genetically selected variant of the Landrace pig (Miyagino L2) has a lower incidence of pulmonary MPS lesions. We investigated the pathological and immunological characteristics of MPS resistance in these pigs (n = 24) by comparing with the normal landrace pig (control: n = 24). The pathological MPS lung lesion score in MPS‐selected landrace pigs was significantly lower than in the control. The gene expression of interleukin (IL)‐12p40, which acts as a chemoattractant and a component of the bioactive cytokines IL‐12 and IL‐23, was significantly higher at the hilar lymph nodes, lung, and spleen in MPS‐selected landrace pigs than in control landrace pigs, and these were negatively correlated with the macroscopic MPS lung lesion score. In summary, we demonstrate that resistance against MPS in Miyagino L2 pigs is associated with IL‐12p40 up‐regulation, in comparison with normal landrace pigs without the MPS vaccine. In addition, a comparative study of macroscopic MPS lung lesions and IL‐12p40 gene expression in lung and hilar lymph nodes may lead to beneficial selection traits for the genetic selection for MPS resistance in pigs.     

云南稻核心种质元素及其多样性中心分析

ICP-AES法则定583份云南稻种核心种质糙米中8种矿质元素,结果表明：云南稻种核心种质高P,K含量分布区与云南稻种多样性中心密切相关,其中Ca,Mg和Fe含量的多样性中心分别与高Ca、高Mg、高Fe含量分布区有关;云南稻种核心种质高Zn含量分布区、Zn含量的多样性均与云南稻种的多样性中心密切相关,但Cu,Mn含量及其多样性分布区与云南稻种资源多样性中心关系不大。     

小麦地方品种"宜章赤面小麦"抗条锈性状的遗传分析

小麦地方品种“宜章赤面小麦”成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30,31和32为免疫-高抗。为分析“宜章赤面小麦”的抗性遗传规律,组配了“宜章赤面小麦”×感病品种台长29的杂交组合,通过杂种F1、F2对条锈菌小种CYR32抗性表型分析,F2群体抗感分离比例为1∶15,结果表明“宜章赤面小麦”的抗性受2对隐性基因控制。     

野猪与长白猪内脏器官的解剖学比较分析

选择人工繁育的健康纯种野母猪和长白猪各一头作为研究对象。观察其胃、胰脏、小肠、大肠、心脏、肺、肝、脾、肾等器官,对其长度、宽度和重量进行分析。结果表明：1）野猪胃、胰脏、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠的长度及宽度均大于长白猪,其重量也高,说明野猪通过自身寻觅饲料导致其消化器官的容积及重量增加,从而使其耐粗饲能力加强,而现代家猪因长期饲喂全价饲料导致消化器官的发育受到了一定的影响;2）野猪心脏、肺脏、肝脏、脾脏等其他内脏器官的长度和宽度均大于长白猪,说明野猪的血液循环系统和呼吸系统均强于长白猪,从而使其对环境的适应能力增强。     

四川花生地方品种主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省地方花生品种资源的遗传多样性及特征,以四川省100份地方花生品种为试验材料,参照《花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准》测试获得了生育期、主茎高和百果重等主要农艺性状的数据。结果表明,在考察的14个性状中,变异幅度最大的是二次分枝数(54.12%),变异幅度最小的是生育期(0.99%)。多样性指数最高的是主茎高度2.99,最小的是生长期0.19。采用Ward法对四川省地方花生品种进行聚类,在遗传距离阈值为5时,将其分为3个类群,均以密枝亚种为主。其中Ⅰ类群分布有7份珍珠豆型材料,Ⅲ类群分布有9份珍珠豆型材料,同一地理来源的多个地方品种交叉出现在这3个群体中。表明四川地方花生品种的遗传关系与所属类型和区域来源无关,但花生品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。研究可在提高地方品种的有效利用率同时,为花生育种提供理论基础和优质亲本材料。