华南四省区大豆地方品种群体遗传特点的研究

在南京夏播条件下，研究华南四省区大豆地方品种群体主要农艺和品质性状的遗传特点、选择潜力和性状相关、华南群体具有植株高、粒小、蛋白质含量高、油分含量低、产量低等特点。百粒重、产量遗传变异丰富，选择潜力大；品质性状遗传变异小，选择潜力有限。全生育期是遗传变异中的最主要成分性状，且以全生育期进行的动态聚类分析分成的三类，有按春、夏、秋（冬）品种自然分类的趋势．产量与蛋白质含量负相关，与油分含量无显著相关；蛋白质含量与油分含量无显著相关。     

Identification of the resistance gene to powdery mildew in Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most damaging diseases to wheat in the world. The cultivation of resistant varieties of wheat is essential for controlling the powdery mildew epidemic. Wheat landraces are important resources of resistance to many diseases. Mapping powdery mildew resistance genes from wheat landraces will promote the development of new varieties with disease resistance. The Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao possesses characteristic of disease resistance to powdery mildew. To identify the resistance gene in this landrace, Baiyouyantiao was crossed with the susceptible cultivar Jingshuang 16 and seedlings of parents and F₁, BC₁, F₂, and F_2:3 were tested with Bgt isolate E09. The genetic results showed that the resistance of Baiyouyantiao to E09 was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively designated PmBYYT. An Illumina wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was applied to screen polymorphisms between F₂-resistant and F₂-susceptible DNA bulks for identifying the chromosomal location of PmBYYT. A high percentage of polymorphic SNPs between the resistant and susceptible DNA bulks was found on chromosome 7B, indicating that PmBYYT may be located on this chromosome. A genetic linkage map of PmBYYT consisting of two simple sequence repeat markers and eight SNP markers was developed. The two flanking markers were SNP markers W7BL-8 and W7BL-15, with genetic distances of 3 and 2.9 cM, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated the rapid characterization of a wheat disease resistance gene and SNP marker development using the 90K SNP assay. The flanking markers of gene PmBYYT will benefit marker-assisted selection (MAS) and map-based cloning in breeding wheat cultivars with powdery mildew resistance.     

大豆种质资源RAPD标记遗传多样性研究

为深入研究并充分利用野生大豆资源,本文利用RAPD分子标记对40份大豆材料加以分析,旨在从DNA分子水平上探索野生大豆、地方品种和育成品种之间的遗传多样性状况。结果表明:50个RAPD引物筛选出具有多态性且扩增条带清晰的引物38个,共检测出407条带,其中多态谱带309条,多态性程度为75.92%。每个引物可扩增出2～14条多态性带,平均产生多态性谱带8.1条;平均多样性指数为2.3377,变幅范围为0.5865～4.2133。遗传相似系数变幅范围为0.44～0.92,平均为0.75。野生大豆的多态比例(94.35%)、多样性指数(2.2336)分别高于育成品种(87.47%、1.7331)和地方品种(83.54%、1.6198)。遗传相似系数为野生大豆(0.6498)地方品种(0.7015)育成品种(0.7177),育成品种与地方品种间为0.6599,育成品种与野生大豆间为0.6487,地方品种与野生大豆间为0.6045。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,40份大豆材料聚为6类,育成品种和地方品种各自聚为一类,野生大豆聚为4类。野生大豆特异等位基因数远远高于育成品种和地方品种二者的相加之和。本研究从分子水平上揭示了野生大豆与栽培大豆区别明显,宜作为一个独立的种,同时野生大豆变异幅度大,遗传基础广,是大豆育种实践中的优良基因资源。     

四川甘蓝型油菜地方种休眠特性的初步研究

对65份四川甘蓝型油菜地方种和1份对照种蜀杂6号作了收获前种子发芽试验,研究了四川甘蓝型油菜地方种的休眠特性。结果表明四川甘蓝型油菜地方种间休眠期差异显著,抗收获前发芽资源数量少;根据材料发芽进程和发芽指数进行聚类分析,参试材料被聚为4类:第一类为第1天发芽高峰类型,第二类为第2天发芽高峰类型,第三类为第1、2天发芽高峰类型,第四类为抗收获前发芽类型。本研究显示的甘蓝型油菜地方种的休眠特性和筛选到的抗收获前发芽的宝贵资源,将为甘蓝型油菜的抗收获前发芽生理研究和育种提供信息和材料。     

河北毛白杨巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

植物巯基蛋白酶抑制剂(cysteine proteinase inhibitor,CPI)在林木的抗虫基因工程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,分离和克隆植物CPI基因进而研究该基因的功能是CPI基因工程研究的热点.本文应用PCR技术从我国乡土抗天牛树种河北毛白杨形成层中分离和克隆到了一个710bp大小的cDNA片段,同时对序列进行测定和分析.测序和分析结果表明,该cDNA片段含有一个429 bp的完整开放阅读框,其编码143个氨基酸残基,具有LARFAVDEHN、QXVXG和YEAKVWVKPW三个典型的植物巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因家族的高保守区段,同时在GenBank中进行了注册,核苷酸注册号为DQ020096,氨基酸注册号为AAY41807.氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,该基因与其他林木中的巯基蛋白酶抑制剂的同源性差异较大,同源性在48%～97%之间,其中与欧洲山杨的同源性最高,达到97%,与猕猴桃的同源性最低为48%.说明河北毛白杨形成层中存在CPI基因并能够有效表达,这为进一步研究该基因的抗虫功能奠定了良好的基础.     

Genetic diversity in a germplasm collection of Brassica rapa subsp rapa L. from northwestern Spain

In Galicia (northwestern Spain), Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L. includes turnips, turnip greens, and turnip tops. The objectives of this study are (i) to determine the genetic diversity and morphological resemblances among the B. rapa landraces of northwestern Spain in order to have information relative to the resources preserved, and (ii) to evaluate their agronomic characteristics, considering the three potential products that can be harvested. A collection of 120 landraces was evaluated for 34 morphological and agronomical traits by an augmented design at two locations. Two landraces were the most promising for turnips production (MBG-BRS0183 and MBG-BRS0256), two showed the best characteristics for turnip greens (MBG-BRS0082 and MBG-BRS0184), and three were the most appropriate landraces for turnip tops production (MBG-BRS0143, MBG-BRS0173 and MBG-BRS0401). Landraces were classified into five clusters (A–E) using the Ward–MLM (Modified Location Model) strategy: (A) included plants with the worst agronomic potential, (B) included most of the turnip populations with rosette growth habit, (C) included turnip populations without rosette growth habit, having more vigorous plants than cluster B, (D) gathered the most vigorous local varieties, with the highest early vigor, fresh matter content per leaf, and number of secondary stems per plant, and (E) landraces characterized by their earliness, large flowering periods, high numbers of secondary stems, and large seed weights. As conclusion, landraces evaluated in this work displayed enough variability to differentiate among appropriate populations for each one of the distinct crops. Their classification, using the Ward–MLM strategy, grouped accessions with similar characteristics into homogeneous categories.     

Taxonomy of Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces using morphological characters,nuclear RFLPs,and isozyme analysis: A review

Summary Morphological characters, nuclear RFLPs, and isozyme analysis were used to study the similarity between 32 Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces, and some cabbage cultivars traditionally grown in Portugal. Forty-six morphological characters observed in two consecutive years, RFLP data from 55 nuclear probes, detecting 291 polymorphic nuclear DNA restriction fragments, and allelic frequencies in 21 putative loci, generated by nine isozymes, were analyzed by the unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), in order to present the results in the form of a phenogram. The three methods resulted in different clustering patterns of the 32 cole accessions. Morphological characters gave consistent clustering according to the traditional landrace definition and denomination, producing clear separation between Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales. RFLPs were unable to separate Tronchuda cabbages from Galega kales and defined five landrace groups corresponding to their geographic origins rather than to their morphological similarities. Isozymes showed poor accession discrimination and an intermediate clustering pattern with some accessions being clustered according to their geographic origins and others according to their morphological similarities. Portuguese Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales constitute a distinct and relatively homogenous group within Brassica oleracea, sharing the same genetic background. It is concluded that Portuguese coles have evolved independently from a common ancestor to the present cultivated forms. Portugal should be considered as an important region of domestication of specialized leafy coles.     

Relationship between the Origin of European Landraces and the Level of Partial Resistance to Wheat Leaf Rust

The reaction to leaf rust of 33 European spring-wheat landrace selections was assessed in the field and in the greenhouse to study the relationship between levels of partial resistance and levels of leaf rust at the origin of the landrace selections. The selections were classified into three groups according to the mean annual damage observed at the collection site. For each group of selections with high-infection types the mean disease-severity, area under disease progress curve and latency period were assessed. The data suggest that there is a greater likelihood of finding partial resistance in selections that come from locations with a high or intermediate mean annual damage as they displayed lower disease severity, lower area according to a disease-progress curve and a longer latency period than the selections from locations with low mean annual damage.     

Traditional seed maintenance and origins of the French lucerne landraces

Summary As for other forage crops the notion of variety is quite recent in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Up to 1950 in France, farmers cultivated landraces whose origins were geographically defined. Seed production was a by-product of forage production. Usually, seeds were harvested on the second or third crop, in old lucerne fields. Natural selection created landraces adapted to local conditions. In some years, climatic conditions, especially in northern regions, were unfavourable to seed production. In the exchanges and trades of seeds between French regions, the genetic origin of the seeds was omitted, the geographical origin was only mentioned. Even if France usually exported lucerne seeds, imports occurred in bad years. Seeds were imported from European countries and from North and South America. Varieties from America were poorly adapted to the French conditions for forage production. These foreign varieties have probably intercrossed with the local landraces but no data is available to know to what extent. Among the various French landraces, five main types were defined using morphological characters: Flamande in the north, three types (Poitou, Marais de Luçon, Marais de Challans) in the west, and Provence in the south. These landraces have been widely used in breeding since 1950. Even though these five landraces are, up to now, maintained, the other landraces have probably been lost (no more cultivated and not in genebanks), replaced by registered varieties.