贵州省花生地方品种的遗传多样性

为进一步了解贵州花生地方品种的遗传多样性,合理、高效利用花生资源,用50对SSR引物评价了贵州不同地理来源的68份花生地方品种,结果多态性较好的41对引物共扩增出79个等位基因,平均每个引物1.93个;多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.045(PM43)~0.951(PM169);Shannon信息指数变幅为0.2518(PM79)~0.6926(PM188),平均0.5268;Nei遗传多样性指数变幅为0.1699(PM79)~0.4995(PM188),平均0.3556。采用类平均法对欧氏距离聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.94时将68个花生地方品种分成2个大类,同一地理来源、同一粒型的地方品种的亲缘关系并不是最近的,表明地方品种间亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大。说明贵州花生地方品种具有丰富遗传多样性。     

Collection and conservation of ‘Morado de Huetor’ Spanish tetraploid asparagus landrace

A cultivated tetraploid asparagus landrace ‘Morado de Huetor’ growing in the South of Spain has been collected and conserved ex situ in two experimental plots. This landrace has been reported to have an interspecific hybrid origin (A. officinalis × A. maritimus). A 59% of the total farmer plots cultivated in the region were visited and ripe fruits collected from 10 female plants per plot. Fruits from a total of 300 plants were collected and two half sibs descendents from each one were sown separate in two plots. Of the 88 farmer plots visited, the landrace was growing only in 34, in the rest the crop had been removed. Hence, ‘Morado de Huetor’ is in a very high risk of disappearing. Now this landrace is conserved ex situ in two experimental plots with sufficient number of plants to represent their maximum variability in order to be used in plant breeding.     

104个小麦品种抗条锈性及遗传多样性分析

为探究不同小麦品种(73个农家品种和31个育成品种)的抗条锈性和遗传多样性,在苗期对小麦品种接种条锈菌生理小种CYR32和CYR34进行抗性鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在苗期抗性鉴定中,对于生理小种CYR32,有5个农家品种白大头、红洋辣子、老兰麦、红剑条和竹叶青(白)以及2个育成品种品冬904054-6和品冬904024表现近免疫;对于生理小种CYR34,有2个农家品种白芒麦和老兰麦以及2个育成品种品冬904024和晋79K214表现近免疫;对比农家品种与育成品种的抗性鉴定结果,发现对于生理小种CYR32,农家品种的抗性水平明显高于育成品种,而对于生理小种CYR34,育成品种的抗性水平高于农家品种。在遗传多样性分析中,104个品种的遗传相似系数变异范围在0.32~0.98之间,平均为0.65,但小麦品种遗传相似系数在来源地之间无明显差异。通过聚类分析发现,农家品种亲缘关系与来源地相关性较低,而育成品种的亲缘关系与来源地存在一定的相关性。因此,在品种改良过程中应引用不同类群的优质亲本,拓宽小麦育种的遗传基础,充分利用优质野生资源,适当搭配,选育更多小麦优良品种。     

云南稻核心种质元素及其多样性中心分析

ICP-AES法则定583份云南稻种核心种质糙米中8种矿质元素,结果表明：云南稻种核心种质高P,K含量分布区与云南稻种多样性中心密切相关,其中Ca,Mg和Fe含量的多样性中心分别与高Ca、高Mg、高Fe含量分布区有关;云南稻种核心种质高Zn含量分布区、Zn含量的多样性均与云南稻种的多样性中心密切相关,但Cu,Mn含量及其多样性分布区与云南稻种资源多样性中心关系不大。     

小麦地方品种"宜章赤面小麦"抗条锈性状的遗传分析

小麦地方品种“宜章赤面小麦”成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30,31和32为免疫-高抗。为分析“宜章赤面小麦”的抗性遗传规律,组配了“宜章赤面小麦”×感病品种台长29的杂交组合,通过杂种F1、F2对条锈菌小种CYR32抗性表型分析,F2群体抗感分离比例为1∶15,结果表明“宜章赤面小麦”的抗性受2对隐性基因控制。     

四川花生地方品种主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省地方花生品种资源的遗传多样性及特征,以四川省100份地方花生品种为试验材料,参照《花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准》测试获得了生育期、主茎高和百果重等主要农艺性状的数据。结果表明,在考察的14个性状中,变异幅度最大的是二次分枝数(54.12%),变异幅度最小的是生育期(0.99%)。多样性指数最高的是主茎高度2.99,最小的是生长期0.19。采用Ward法对四川省地方花生品种进行聚类,在遗传距离阈值为5时,将其分为3个类群,均以密枝亚种为主。其中Ⅰ类群分布有7份珍珠豆型材料,Ⅲ类群分布有9份珍珠豆型材料,同一地理来源的多个地方品种交叉出现在这3个群体中。表明四川地方花生品种的遗传关系与所属类型和区域来源无关,但花生品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。研究可在提高地方品种的有效利用率同时,为花生育种提供理论基础和优质亲本材料。     

137份云南省地方稻抗白叶枯病多菌系多基因鉴定

为选育水稻抗性品种和发掘抗白叶枯病基因,以来自中国、日本和菲律宾的9株革兰氏阴性菌黄单胞菌水稻变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae菌株为供试菌株评价137份云南省地方稻种质资源对白叶枯病菌的抗性,同时检测供试材料中含14个已克隆抗白叶枯病基因的情况。结果显示,供试材料中至少对1株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株有抗性的材料有104份,抗1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8和9株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株的材料分别有25、19、14、19、11、6、5、2和3份;其中白杂一号、珍白18、麻旱谷、老来红、晋糯、香谷、毫冷薅、齐头蚂蚱谷、九谷和来之不易10份材料抗谱较广。大部分抗性材料携带1～7个白叶枯病抗性基因或其同源基因,未检测到含有Xa7、xa13、Xa21和Xa45(t)基因或其同源基因的材料。供试材料携带的抗性基因数量与抗性水平均呈极显著相关。     

Indonesian mungbean landraces I. Pure-line selection for yield when intercropped with maize

Summary When mungbean landraces from East Java were intercropped with maize, genetic variation for grain yield was observed. Three cycles of selection resulted in a yield increase of 24% as compared to the original landraces. The yield of the maize component in the mixture was not affected by the increase of the mungbean yield.     

Cassava diversity in Ghanaian farming systems

Summary The diversity of cassava was studied in 10 communities spanning a range of socio-economic circumstances and located in the four main agro-ecological zones in Ghana. On average, each farmer grew about two cultivars, mostly landraces, both for home consumption and sale of the storage roots. In total, 35 differently-named landraces were mentioned, 26 in only single communities. Most communities had grown cassava for > 100 years and seem to have acquired an additional landrace about every decade. Landraces were also abandoned. The attributes mentioned of newly-acquired landraces were generally the reverse of landraces abandoned and most were related to the storage roots. All the current landraces in all the communities seem to have been obtained from other communities. None of the almost 300 interviewed farmers understood the role of pollination in setting seed and providing variation amongst seedlings, none purposely planted seeds and most farmers ignored or weeded out cassava seedlings. However, some did use planting material (stem cuttings) from self-sown seedlings, often when planting material from their crops was scarce, and some purposely grew cuttings from a few such seedlings, apparently as experiments. That many seedlings were both reported and seen in newly-planted crops suggests that some may be accidentally used as planting material, especially those seedlings that are perceptually indistinct from the planted crop, resulting in polyclonal landraces.     

吉林省长白猪的生长发育测定

为阐明吉林省长白猪后备种猪各生长阶段的增重情况,以顺利进行适合于吉林省气候环境和饲养管理条件的长白猪选育,选择长白仔猪(丹麦系×丹麦系种),进行试验.结果表明,长白猪的生长发育较快,饲料利用率和经济效益均较高.