尼帕病毒流行病学研究进展

尼帕病是由副黏病毒科中的尼帕病毒引起的新型烈性人畜共患传染病,其严重威胁人类与猪等动物的健康。作者就尼帕病毒的病原学特征、流行病学和临床症状等进行了概述,以期初步了解尼帕病毒。     

甘肃兰州地区屠宰市场兔球虫病流行病学调查

兔球虫病是由艾美耳科球虫引起的一种原虫病,对养兔业危害较大。本研究对甘肃省兰州市5个菜市场屠宰兔的球虫感染情况进行了调查,并鉴定出感染球虫的种类,为虫种的分离和球虫病的防治提供了依据。     

Causes of death in beef cattle in southern Brazil

We determined the prevalence of diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in beef cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on pathology laboratory submissions. Postmortem examinations were conducted on 1,277 beef cattle that died between 2008 and 2018. Information regarding age, time of the year, breed, and regional location were analyzed statistically. Most cattle were from the surrounding region of Porto Alegre, and 78.7% of the analyzed cases had diagnostic value. The diagnostic category with most cases was infectious and/or parasitic diseases (60%), followed by toxic and toxicoinfectious (25%). Most cases occurred in the fall. Major disease conditions identified included hemoprotozoal infection (18.2%), rabies (8.2%), and plant intoxications by Senecio spp. (8.5%) and Pteridium arachnoideum (4.6%). Hemoprotozoal infection occurred at a higher frequency in young cattle, mainly in animals up to 1 y old. Intoxication by Senecio spp. was more frequent in cattle 2–3 y old.     

羊沙门氏菌病流行与防治

羊沙门氏菌病是是由多种致病性沙门氏菌感染引发的一种急性传染性疾病,不同年龄品种的羊都可以受到病原侵染,其中对羔羊造成的危害最为严重,尤其是断奶不久后的羔羊感染沙门氏菌后,表现的临床症状最为明显,致死率最高。临床上由于致病性沙门氏菌的种类较多,侵染途径多样,一旦受到病原侵染,将很难清理,会造成羊群反复流行,带来的经济损失不可估量。该文主要探讨羊沙门氏菌病的流行特点与防治措施。     

Frequency of symptomatic trees removal in small citrus blocks on citrus huanglongbing epidemics

Among the recommended measures for citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) management, the systematic elimination of symptomatic trees is the most argued and difficult to be accepted and accomplished by citrus growers. Elimination of recently affected HLB trees represents a short term yield loss and cost increase due to the need of frequent inspections and removal operations. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different frequencies of inoculum reduction applied at individual citrus blocks scale (or local inoculum reduction) on HLB temporal progress. Eight experiments were carried out in new planted and older citrus blocks with 504–1290 trees/plot. In all experiments, inspections to detect symptomatic trees were done in a fortnightly or monthly frequency. The treatments of frequencies of local inoculum reduction varied from fortnightly to 6 months. Annual disease progress rate was estimated by logistic model for each plot. No difference on HLB progress rates among treatments was observed, except in experiments 1 and 3 where less frequent tree removal resulted in higher disease progress rate. This ineffectiveness of local inoculum reduction on the disease progress rate was explained by the higher weight of primary spread on HLB epidemics than the secondary spread within plots associated with small size and narrow shape of treated plots (except for experiments 1 and 3), high dispersal capacity of HLB-insect vector among plots and groves, and strong control of psyllid within the plots (except for experiment 1, with poor insecticide spray program). Also, the high amount of inspections to detect symptomatic trees before the eradication treatment, which reduced the escapes (asymptomatic and non visual detectable diseased trees) contributed for these results. It is important to note that these results were obtained with only small citrus plots (0.8–2.9 ha) and they cannot be extended to larger groves and farms amenable to HLB management by the symptomatic tree removal and vector control.     

Iridovirus infections in finfish – critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses

Viruses in three genera of the family Iridoviridae (iridoviruses) affect finfish. Ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses are recently emerged pathogens. Both cause severe systemic disease, occur globally and affect a diversity of hosts. In contrast, lymphocystiviruses cause superficial lesions and rarely cause economic loss. The ranavirus epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) from Australia was the first iridovirus to cause epizootic mortality in finfish. Like other ranaviruses, it lacks host specificity. A distinct but closely related virus, European catfish virus, occurs in finfish in Europe, while very similar ranaviruses occur in amphibians in Europe, Asia, Australia, North America and South America. These viruses can be distinguished from one another by conserved differences in the sequence of the major capsid protein gene, which informs policies of the World Organisation for Animal Health to minimize transboundary spread of these agents. However, limited epidemiological information and variations in disease expression create difficulties for design of sampling strategies for surveillance. There is still uncertainty surrounding the taxonomy of some putative ranaviruses such as Singapore grouper iridovirus and Santee‐Cooper ranavirus, both of which cause serious disease in fish, and confusion continues with diseases caused by megalocytiviruses. In this review, aspects of the agents and diseases caused by ranaviruses are contrasted with those due to megalocytiviruses to promote accurate diagnosis and characterization of the agents responsible. Ranavirus epizootics in amphibians are also discussed because of possible links with finfish and common anthropogenic mechanisms of spread. The source of the global epizootic of disease caused by systemic iridoviruses in finfish and amphibians is uncertain, but three possibilities are discussed: trade in food fish, trade in ornamental fish, reptiles and amphibians and emergence from unknown reservoir hosts associated with environmental change.     

Modelling the introduction and transmission of Campylobacter in a North American chicken flock

Campylobacter is the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Although many food production animals carry Campylobacter as commensal bacteria, consumption of poultry is the main source of human infection. Previous research suggests that the biology of Campylobacter results in complete flock colonization within days. However, a recent systematic review found that the on-farm prevalence of Campylobacter varies widely, with some flocks reporting low prevalence. We hypothesized that the low prevalence of Campylobacter in some flocks may be driven by a delayed introduction of the pathogen. The objectives of this study were to (a) develop a deterministic compartmental model that represents the biology of Campylobacter, (b) identify the parameter values that best represent the natural history of the pathogen in poultry flocks and (c) examine the possibility that a delayed introduction of the pathogen is sufficient to replicate the observed low prevalence examples documented in the literature. A deterministic compartmental model was developed to examine the dynamics of Campylobacter in chicken flocks over a 56-day time period prior to movement to the abattoir. The model outcome of interest was the final population prevalence of Campylobacter at day 56. The resulting model that incorporated a high transmission rate (β = 1.04) was able to reproduce the wide range of prevalence estimates observed in the literature when pathogen introduction time is varied. Overall, we established that the on-farm transmission rate of Campylobacter in chickens is likely high and can result in complete colonization of a flock when introduced early. However, delaying the time at which the pathogen enters the flock can reduce the prevalence observed at 56 days. These results highlight the importance of enforcing strict biosecurity measures to prevent or delay the introduction of the bacteria to a flock.     

TTMV间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以TTMV重组蛋白作为包被抗原,通过反应条件优化,建立了检测人TTMV血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,结果显示：抗原最佳包被浓度为1．63μg／mL,37℃孵育1h后4℃过夜;血清稀释度为1：320;酶标二抗孵育时间为37℃60min;ELISA酶标板的临界值为0．211。运用该方法对上海市和辽宁省共计280份血清样品进行检测,阳性检出率分别为34．68％和39．74％。检测结果表明,建立的间接ELISA方法特异性与重复性均较好,为进一步完善TTMV临床诊断方法打下了基础。     

唐山地区蜱传斑点热群立克次体分子流行病学

根据已发表的长角血蜱16SrRNA序列及斑点热群立克次体外膜蛋白A（OmpA）基因序列设计2对特异性引物,对唐山地区采集的长角血蜱进行PCR检测,并对阳性样本进行测序和序列分析,抽检样本建立分子系统进化树。结果表明,在315份蜱DNA样本中检测出25份阳性样本,阳性率为7.94%;序列分析结果显示唐山地区长角血蜱携带立克次体同处于一个分支,与日本株立克次体同源性最高（93.30%）,其次是福建株立克次体（92.11%）,黑龙江立克次体绥芬株（90.45%）、虎林株（90.42%）。结论得出唐山地区蜱传斑点热感染较严重,分子进化分析结果显示唐山地区蜱传斑点热群立克次体可能为一新种。