猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型流行病学新特点及致病机理研究进展

猪圆环病毒是猪圆环病毒病的主要致病因素,该病给养猪业带来很大的经济损失。猪圆环病毒变异较快,是单链DNA病毒中最高的;易感猪主要通过消化道和呼吸道水平传播而感染,猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)人工或自然感染猪的排泄物、鼻腔、口腔和扁桃体拭子和患畜的尿液和粪便中均能检测到PCV2。断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(PMWS)的发病主要与猪体内PCV2含量有关。PCV2特异抗体对猪群的PCV2感染具有保护作用。PCV2诱导猪继发性免疫缺陷,淋巴细胞缺失,影响PCV2感染结果的因素有:病毒、宿主、混合感染和免疫调节等。     

The limits of the binary power law describing spatial variability for incidence data

Taylor's power law (TPL), an empirical law relating the observed variance to mean density (or abundance), has found wide applicability for characterizing heterogeneity in many disciplines. However, when the density variable has an upper bound, the TPL does not hold and the binary power law (BPL) needs to be used instead. The BPL has been shown to describe the heterogeneity of numerous plant disease epidemic systems. In this study, a generic stochastic simulator was used to study the extent to which the BPL can satisfactorily describe incidence data. Results showed that the symmetrical BPL does hold whenever there is a positive correlation among neighbours on the probability of a plant becoming infected, or where disease development is not influenced by the neighbours. These results held for a wide range of neighbourhood sizes, strengths of neighbourhood influence, and size of the sampling quadrats. However, the symmetrical BPL did not hold when there is a negative influence among neighbours. The more general asymmetrical BPL (ABPL) fitted the data with positive or negative neighbourhood influence, but because a negative neighbourhood effect is generally unlikely for plant epidemics, the symmetrical BPL is preferred over the ABPL because of its parsimony. The magnitude of the estimated BPL parameters increased with increasing neighbourhood influence and sampling‐quadrat size. However, except when the power parameter equals 1, inferring specific underlying mechanisms generating the data or comparing BPL estimates from different studies is difficult, because of the large effect of sampling on the BPL parameter estimates.     

鹌鹑隐孢子虫流行病学调查及动物感染试验

为掌握畜禽隐孢子虫病在河南省的流行动态,作者于2003年用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法检查了郑州、焦作2市7个鹌鹑养殖场429份粪便样品,结果有5个鹌鹑场隐孢子虫感染为阳性,根据卵囊形态初步鉴定1种为贝氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium baileyi),另1种为火鸡隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium meleagridis);总阳性率为14．69％(63／429),其中感染贝氏隐孢子虫的阳性率4．66％(20／429),火鸡隐孢子虫的阳性率为10．02％(43／429),并分别用2种卵囊试验感染鹌鹑和雏鸡研究其致病性,观察了2种隐孢子虫在鹌鹑体内的排卵囊规律,以及火鸡隐孢子虫在免疫抑制雏鸡和非免疫抑制雏鸡体内的排卵囊规律。     

Role of ascospores and conidia in the initiation and spread of South American leaf blight in a rubber tree plantation

Microcyclus ulei, the fungus causing South American leaf blight (SALB) on rubber tree leaves, produces two main types of spores: ascospores and conidia. To assess their respective epidemiological role, a field experiment was conducted in French Guiana over 3 years. Tree phenology, disease severity and climate variables were recorded while airborne spores were trapped and quantified. Ascospores were shown to play an essential role in the perpetuation of the disease outside the host's growth periods, in the resumption of epidemics, and in the spread of the disease to disease‐free zones. Conidia were trapped in visibly infected plots only, during periods of host growth. Disseminated over short distances and present only temporarily on leaves, the conidia enabled the disease to spread stepwise when the climate was conducive. Segmentation analysis revealed that the duration of high relative humidity was the climatic variable most related to ascospore trapping. Ascospore release did not require low temperatures. Considering the essential role of the ascospores in the initiation and spread of disease, artificial defoliation as a means of reducing the inoculum pressure during tree refoliation is proposed to control SALB. To check the validity of this method, a survey over several years of natural defoliation–refoliation in relation to climate and other leaf diseases is needed.     

Recent advances in the understanding of Chlamydophila pecorum infections, sixteen years after it was named as the fourth species of the Chlamydiaceae family

Chlamydophila pecorum found in the intestine and vaginal mucus of asymptomatic ruminants has also been associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koalas. Some endangered species such as water buffalos and bandicoots have also been found to be infected by C. pecorum. The persistence of C. pecorum strains in the intestine and vaginal mucus of ruminants could cause long-term sub-clinical infection affecting the animal’s health. C. pecorum strains present many genetic and antigenic variations, but coding tandem repeats have recently been found in some C. pecorum genes, allowing C. pecorum strains isolated from sick animals to be differentiated from those isolated from asymptomatic animals. This review provides an update on C. pecorum infections in different animal hosts and the implications for animal health. The taxonomy, typing and genetic aspects of C. pecorum are also reviewed.     

Role of rainfall in the development of coffee berry disease in Coffea arabica caused by Colletotrichum kahawae,in Cameroon

The development of coffee berry disease (CBD) epidemics (caused by Colletotrichum kahawae) in Cameroon was monitored over two successive years (2004 and 2005) on coffee trees protected from rainfall by transparent plastic sheets and on unprotected control trees. This work was done to assess how rain affected disease development when it did not fall directly onto the coffee trees and to determine the influence of primary inoculum on the severity of CBD. Weekly observations over the 2 years showed that there were 1·1% diseased berries on coffee trees completely protected from rainfall, compared with 45% diseased berries on unprotected coffee trees. Disease severity on unprotected trees during the 2 years of the experiment was estimated at 53% diseased berries, compared with 27% on trees only protected in the first year. These results confirmed rainfall as one of the key physical factors in the development of Arabica CBD. They also provided evidence of a subsequent effect of protecting coffee trees from rainfall in 2004 on the severity of CBD in 2005. This suggested some practices that might lead to very effective cultural control of CBD in regions where severe epidemics of the disease occur.     

重庆地区牛附红细胞体分子流行病学调查

根据重庆地区不同的地理条件以及不同的养殖模式,采用16S rRNA-PCR检测方法对重庆市进行了牛附红细胞体的分子流行病学调查。结果显示:重庆地区存在牛附红细胞体感染,平均感染率为11%。其中规模化养殖平均感染率(6%)低于散养(16.7%),丘陵地区平均感染率(2%)低于高山地区(25.6%)。     

吉林省鹿结核病的流行病学调查

为掌握结核病在吉林省鹿群中的流行传播状况,从吉林省养鹿业富有代表性地区的18个鹿场随机采集血清样本1856份作为研究对象,利用结核杆菌Ag85-East6-mpt70抗原多联表达蛋白作为检测抗原,进行酶联免疫检测,调查吉林省鹿结核病流行情况,结果发现,吉林省地区鹿群中存在结核病病例,且各地区间阳性率差异显著或极显著（P<0.05或P<0.01）,防疫部门应加强防控,防止疫病扩散。