2016-2017年江西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子流行病学调查及ORF5基因变异分析

为了解近年来江西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）分子流行病学和其遗传变异情况,本次调查于2016-2017年从江西省各地区规模化猪场采集453份疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）的病料,采用RT-PCR方法对所有病料进行检测。结果发现,其中321份病料为PRRSV阳性,阳性率为70.86%,各地区的阳性率在19.15%~84.85%之间。挑选14份阳性样品测序后,经ORF5基因序列分析,江西地区各PRRSV毒株ORF5基因的核苷酸同源性为83%~100%,PRRSV流行毒株与参考毒株的同源性在59.9%~98.5%之间。基于ORF5基因的进化树分析表明,14个测序毒株均为美洲型毒株,其中有4株为基因亚型Ⅰ,即高致病性毒株（HP-PRRSV）;3株为基因亚型Ⅱ,即经典毒株;3株为基因亚型Ⅲ,即NADC30-like毒株;4株为新出现的基因亚型Ⅳ。氨基酸序列比对分析表明,基因亚型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ毒株ORF5基因编码的GP5蛋白氨基酸在3个表位及2个重要的抗原相关区域存在较大变异,其中以NADC30毒株为代表的基因亚型Ⅲ毒株和以GD1404毒株为代表的基因亚型Ⅳ毒株均表现出独有的氨基酸变异,这些变异可能会影响GP5蛋白的免疫原性。本次调查结果表明,2016-2017年江西地区PRRSV流行出现了新形势,美洲型毒株出现了多基因亚型共同存在的局面,以高致病性毒株（HP-PRRSV）为主,NADC30-like毒株和新基因亚型等新毒株的比例较高,同时还存在经典毒株;持续实时监测PRRSV的毒株流行和变异情况,可为临床诊断、药物和疫苗开发及PRRS的科学防控提供依据。     

Salmonella Gallinarum field isolates and its relationship to vaccine strain SG9R

1. The aim of the present study was to determine if the 9R-strain of the Salmonella Gallinarum live vaccine was responsible for having fowl typhoid outbreaks in chicken flocks from both chicken and turkey breeders as well as to verify the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates from the outbreaks.

2. The triplex polymerase chain reaction, standard antimicrobial test, beta-lactamase genes identification and Ion Torrent PMG whole-genome sequence were used in the field isolates and in the vaccine strain of S. Gallinarum.

3. The 60 tested isolates were not from vaccine origin and manifested high resistance to drugs from macrolide and quinolone groups. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis on selected isolates for core genes from Salmonella enterica confirmed the wild origin of these isolates and showed two possible sources of S. Gallinarum in the studied outbreaks.

4. S. Gallinarum isolated from fowl typhoid outbreaks in the studied period were not caused by the use of the SG9R live vaccine. The source of strains sequenced was diverse.     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌的血清型鉴定及其相关毒力基因分析

自规模化养鸭场患典型大肠杆菌败血症雏鸭分离的282株致病性大肠杆菌（E.coli）中鉴定出210株（包含37种血清型）,其中O93、O78、O92、O76占43.8%（92/210）为优势血清型,O46、O32＆O93混合型、O60＆O93混合型为首次从鸭群中分离到。应用PCR结合核酸序列测定对210株致病性E.coli（鸭大肠杆菌病分离株）和28株自健康雏鸭泄殖腔拭子分离的E.coli（临床健康鸭大肠杆菌分离株）进行包括强毒力岛（HPI）中的鼠疫菌素受体基因（fyuA）和铁调节蛋白基因（irp2）、Ⅰ型菌毛必需蛋白基因（fimC）、P型菌毛结构基因（papA）和血清耐受基因（iss）检测,结果表明：fyuAi、rp2、fimC、papA和iss基因在鸭大肠杆菌病分离株的携带率分别为41.0%、43.3%、92.9%、97.6%和96.7%,在临床健康鸭大肠杆菌分离株的携带率分别为21.4%、25.0%、92.9%、100%和92.9%,患病鸭和临床健康鸭大肠杆菌分离株iss、fimC和papA携带率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但papA的携带率均显著高于其他宿主（鸡、猪和人）源E.coli;HPI毒力岛在鸭源E.coli中分布较广,其携带率表现为鸭大肠杆菌病分离株极显著高于临床健康鸭大肠杆菌分离株。HPI毒力岛的携带率与菌株的致病性呈明显的正相关,与O78等特定的血清型有一定的关系。鸭大肠杆菌病分离株有37.6%（79/210）同时携带fyuAi、rp2、fimCi、ss和papA基因,极显著高于健康鸭大肠杆菌分离株的14.3%（4/28）（P〈0.01）。     

鼻气管鸟杆菌病的研究现状

鼻气管乌杆菌痛是近年来新发现的一种感染家禽和野鸟的呼吸道细菌病,主要表现为鸡和火鸡生长迟缓,产蛋率下降、高死亡率、单侧或双侧纤维索性化脓性肺炎、胸膜炎、气囊炎。也常合并、继发新城疫病毒、大肠埃希菌和副鸡嗜血杆菌感染,从而引起急性死亡,危害很大,给养禽业造成严重的经济损失,是一种值得重视的新病。文章对该病的病原、流行病学、症状与病变、诊断方法及预防措施等进行了综述。     

江苏地区猪圆环病毒2型流行病学调查

应用复合PCR方法,对江苏地区的162份可疑病料进行了检测,结果72份病料为PCV2阳性,17份为PCV1阳性,其中7份同时感染PCV1和PCV2。从发病时间看,以9~11月发病最多,阳性率高达54.67%。样品较多的保育猪和育肥猪的阳性率分别是26.03%和68.12%。通过流行病学调查,表明该病已在江苏地区呈流行趋势。同时对18头PCV2阳性猪病料的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、腹股沟淋巴结、肠系膜淋巴结、扁桃体进行PCV2检测,结果有7头PCV2阳性猪的各个脏器都能检测出PCV2;在这些脏器中,肺、腹股沟淋巴结、扁桃体的检出率都为100%,较其他受检脏器更适合作为PCV2的检测样品。     

Human tularaemia associated with exposure to domestic dogs—United States, 2006–2016

Dogs have been implicated in the zoonotic transmission of numerous pathogens. Whereas cats are known to transmit Francisella tularensis to humans via bite and other routes, the role of dogs in facilitating infection is much less understood. We reviewed tularaemia case investigation records collected through national surveillance during 2006–2016 to summarize those with dog involvement, characterize the nature of dog‐related exposure and describe associated clinical characteristics. Among 1,814 human tularaemia cases, 735 (41%) supplemental case investigation records were available for review; and of those, 24 (3.3%) were classified as dog‐related. Median age of patients was 51 years (range: 1–82); 54% were female. Two thirds (67%) of cases presented with ulceroglandular/glandular tularaemia; pneumonic (13%) and oropharyngeal (13%) illness occurred less frequently. Dog‐related exposures were classified as follows: direct contact via bite, scratch or face snuggling/licking (n = 12; 50%); direct contact with dead animals retrieved by domestic dogs (n = 8; 33%); and contact with infected ticks acquired from domestic dogs (n = 4; 17%). Prevention of dog‐related tularaemia necessitates enhanced tularaemia awareness and tick avoidance among pet owners, veterinarians, health care providers and the general public.     

Multivariate relationships between epidemiologic risk factors and zoonotic infections among military personnel in the country of Georgia: A non‐linear canonical correlation analysis

Zoonotic diseases are endemic in the country of Georgia. Using the non‐linear canonical correlation (NCC) method, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between thirteen epidemiological risk factors and seropositivity to five zoonotic infections (anthrax, Q fever, tularemia, leptospirosis, and Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF]) among Georgian military recruits during 2014–2016. According to this multivariate statistical technique, which is suitable for the analysis of two or more sets of qualitative variables simultaneously, two canonical variables were identified. These variables accounted for 68% of the variation between the two sets of categorical variables (“risk factors” and “zoonotic infections”). For the first canonical variable, there was a relationship among CCHF (canonical loading, which is interpreted in the same way as the Pearson's correlation coefficient, [cl] = 0.715), tick bites (cl = 0.418) and slaughter of animals (cl = 0.351). As for the second canonical variable, Q fever (cl = ?0.604) and leptospirosis (cl = ?0.486) were related to rodents inside and outside home (cl = ?0.346) and sweeping in or around home (cl = ?0.317). The NCC method allows researchers to obtain additional insights into the complex relationship between epidemiological risk factors and multiple zoonotic infections.     

湖南省一起非洲猪瘟疫情的暴发调查

2018年11月21日,农业农村部通报湖南省怀化市鹤城区排查出非洲猪瘟疫情。为追溯这起非洲猪瘟疫情的来源,怀化市动物疫病预防控制中心开展了流行病学调查,从生猪调运、饲料、泔水、生物安全等风险因素入手,结合流行病学关联养殖场血清以及饲料、泔水、关联屠宰场环境及冻库冷冻猪肉产品等样品的实验室检测,综合分析非洲猪瘟传播的可能途径。调查结果显示:疫情猪场2018年10月曾使用收购的泔水喂养生猪;泔水、冷冻猪肉产品非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)核酸阳性检出率分别为0.9%(3/348)、25.6%(10/39),而血清和饲料样品全为阴性;在冻库、餐饮机构和销售终端检出ASFV核酸阳性样品,阳性检出率分别为16.7%、1.8%、7.7%。调查分析显示,该疫情猪场的泔水饲喂时间、发病时间与ASFV自然感染的潜伏期相符,且与泔水有关联的某物流公司冻库猪肉被产品检测出ASFV核酸阳性。综上表明,泔水喂养引起该非洲猪瘟疫情的可能性最大。依据调查结果,采取严格生猪及其产品移动监管,强化落实禁止泔水饲喂政策,加强生物安全管理等一系列防控措施,使疫情得到了有效控制。     

华支睾吸虫病在我国的流行及诊断方法研究进展

华支睾吸虫病是由华支睾吸虫引起的危害严重的鱼源性人兽共患寄生虫病,主要引起人和多种动物的肝胆病变,严重者可引起胆管上皮癌,因此华支睾吸虫被国际癌症署(IARC)归为第Ⅰ类生物性致癌因子。我国华支睾吸虫病主要流行于淡水资源丰富的地区,在我国27个省、市、自治区均有该病人体感染的报道。近年来,我国华支睾吸虫感染率呈上升趋势,且受威胁地区和人数不断增加。对该病的诊断和防控已刻不容缓,传统的病原学诊断方法存在着一定的局限性和弊端。免疫学方法和分子生物学技术的不断发展为该病的诊断提供了新的途径,今后在华支睾吸虫病的基础研究与防控中起到更加重要的作用。论文就华支睾吸虫病的流行特点及诊断方法研究进展进行综述,以期为华支睾吸虫病的研究提供参考。     

2013年-2017年陕西省猪伪狂犬病病毒分子流行病学调查与gE基因序列变异分析

调查2013年-2017年间陕西省猪伪狂犬病流行情况,并对流行毒株gE基因进行测序分析,为猪伪狂犬病防控提供参考。采用套式PCR,检测了陕西9个地市、556个存在繁殖障碍现象猪场的1 390份样品中PRV感染情况,通过Vero细胞传代分离到11个PRV地方流行毒株,并进行了gE基因片段克隆与序列分析。2013年-2017年间陕西存在繁殖障碍的猪场中PRV感染阳性率38.1%~83.3%,样品阳性率46.5%~85.3%。11株PRV核苷酸同源性为99.2%~100%,氨基酸同源性为98.3%~100%,提示这11个PRV流行毒株高度同源。在测定的118个氨基酸位点中,有6个位点与参考序列存在一定差异,分别是T/I31→S31、Q33→L33、Q52→R52、L/R67→A67、A68→D68和T115→R/P/S115。基因进化树分析显示,11株PRV亲缘关系很近,集中分布在一个小的分支上,与我国福建流行毒株Min-A关系密切,与欧美毒株亲缘关系较远。陕西省采样猪场表现出PRV感染率高、感染强度大的特点,gE基因出现多个点突变,且变异趋势相同,形成了一个独立的进化分支。