Comparative seed germination study across alien grapes (Vitis,Vitaceae) in Europe

Alien grape (Vitis, Vitaceae) species and recently described hybrids are recognised as major environmental weeds in southern Europe, based on their tendency to spread into natural and semi‐natural habitats, often behaving as invasive species. Despite a high number of agronomic, genetic and phytopathological studies on Vitis cultivars, regeneration from seed has been poorly investigated, although it plays a key role in plant distribution and evolution. To this end, in this study we exposed seeds of eight wild grapes in Europe (three species and five nothospecies, including the native Vitis vinifera), to different temperature treatments in the laboratory. Fresh seeds from all studied taxa were dormant and germinated only after cold and/or warm plus cold stratification, but showing significant differences between the species. Seeds of V. vinifera showed an intermediate complex morphophysiological dormancy, while all other tested Vitis taxa exhibited a deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. Dark conditions reduced the germination percentage in Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and V. vinifera and their hybrids, and alternating temperatures elicited the highest germination percentages in all populations. Our results demonstrated for the first time that Vitis hybrids are capable of regeneration by seed, even in the absence of dispersal by animals. The germination processes studied here help understand the current expansion of alien Vitis taxa in Europe outside the viticultural areas. Consequently, germination requirements contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying alien Vitis taxa establishment and invasion.     

Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China

Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank.     

低温层积对百合试管小鳞茎活力的影响

为提高百合试管小鳞茎的适用性,以自繁的百合试管小鳞茎‘Siberia’为材料,研究低温层积对小鳞茎活力表达的影响。结果表明,-2℃、2℃低温处理可有效改善试管小鳞茎发芽率、活力指数、破土能力、抽薹速度等活力指标。研究认为低温层积处理在135~165 天为最佳活力表达期,并因此通过促进抽薹进而高度相关地（相关系数为1.00**）提高了百合籽球（围径6~9 cm）收获率。低温层积是百合试管小鳞茎活力实现田间栽培不可或缺的措施。     

Soil carbon storage and stratification under different tillage/residue-management practices in double rice cropping system

The importance of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study was conducted to determine the temporal effect of different tillage systems and residue management on distribution, storage and stratification of SOC, and the yield of rice under double rice(Oryza sativa L.) cropping system in the southern China.A tillage experiment was conducted in the southern China during 2005–2011, including plow tillage with residue removed(PT0), plow tillage with residue retention(PT), rotary tillage with residue retention(RT), and no-till with residue retention on the surface(NT).The soil samples were obtained at the harvesting of late rice in October of 2005, 2007 and 2011.Multiple-year residue return application significantly increased rice yields for the two rice-cropping systems; yields of early and late rice were higher under RT than those under other tillage systems in both years in 2011.Compared with PT0, SOC stocks were increased in soil under NT at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths by 33.8, 4.1, 6.6, and 53.3%, respectively, in 2011.SOC stocks under RT were higher than these under other tillage treatments at 0–30 cm depth.SOC stocks in soil under PT were higher than those under PT0 in the 0–5 and 20–30 cm soil layers.Therefore, crop residues played an important role in SOC management, and improvement of soil quality.In the 0–20 cm layer, the stratification ratio(SR) of SOC followed the order NTRTPTPT0; when the 0–30 cm layer was considered, NT also had the highest SR of SOC, but the SR of SOC under PT was higher than that under RT with a multiple-year tillage practice.Therefore, the notion that conservation tillage lead to higher SOC stocks and soil quality than plowed systems requires cautious scrutiny.Nevertheless, some benefits associated with RT system present a greater potential for its adoption in view of the multiple-year environmental sustainability under double rice cropping system in the southern China.     

人力资本视角的农民工城市化研究综述及展望

为了给农民工城市化以更具体的理论及实践指导,重点概述了国内外学者有关农民工人力资本对其城市化影响,以及在城市化进程中农民工分化的研究,运用社会分层结构理论、人力资本理论等交叉学科理论研究发现：农民工人力资本不仅对农民工分层具有现实的引导与整合功能,也对城市遴选农民工具有现实的引导与整合功能,农民工人力资本在不同层次农民工与不同类型城市之间,扮演着十分重要的耦合角色。由此可以得知,从农民工自身与城市双向提升农民工人力资本水平,是当今解决广大农民工城市化问题最为妥善的内在路径之一。     

不同变温层积过程中东北红豆杉种子生理生化特性和胚形态的变化

用昼夜变温(20℃/10℃)-低温(4℃)、暖温(20℃)-低温(4℃)和低温(10℃)-低温(4℃)层积两阶段处理方法,研究变温层积处理过程中东北红豆杉种子生理生化特性的变化规律。结果表明:昼夜变温层积6个月后种胚长度和宽度分别由层积前的1.52和0.47 mm,增加到1.95和0.61 mm;昼夜变温-低温层积后种子可溶性糖含量达到46.3 mg/g,显著高于层积前;粗脂肪含量比层积前减少了3.8%;脱氢酶(TTC)活性持续增加,层积10个月后达到层积前的2倍多;葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)活性在昼夜变温层积阶段下降,低温层积阶段上升;三磷酸腺苷(ATP)水平在昼夜变温层积过程中变化不大,而低温层积后ATP水平显著增加,达到层积前的3.9倍。昼夜变温-低温层积的种子裂口率为11.4%,出苗率为14.7%,显著高于暖温和低温处理,说明昼夜变温-低温处理效果优于暖温-低温和低温-低温处理。     

大型现代化温室杏苗繁育技术

简介了利用大型现代化温室、冷库全自动化控温、控湿条件大量繁育杏苗的技术.在冷库中进行杏种子层积处理并在温室中播种,进行营养袋栽培,当年播种、当年嫁接成苗,快速大量繁育优质杏苗.     

Soil Organic Matter/Carbon Dynamics in Contrasting Tillage and Land Management Systems: A Case for Smallholder Farmers with Degraded and Marginal Soils

This study reveals that soil organic matter (SOM) is 58% soil organic carbon (SOC) and the processes that govern SOM dynamics include those that promote SOM synthesis from organic inputs and those that decrease SOM through decomposition. Land use is a key determinant of SOC dynamics and spatial differences in SOM. Agricultural soils can accommodate extra carbon (C) between 140 and 170 Pg C. Globally sub soils store more than half of total SOC. The SOM can increase under no-tillage management even with low crop residue input. Soil tillage induces loss of carbon in macroaggregates (>250 μm) and a gain of carbon in microaggregates (<250 μm). The stage of plant development rather than plant species determines carbon dynamics from plants to soil, and the rate depends on the plant development. However, sorption of dissolved organic matter to mineral soil influences the stabilization of dissolved organic matter.     

Deriving river networks and catchments at the European scale from medium resolution digital elevation data

The extraction of drainage networks and catchment boundaries from digital elevation models (DEMs) has received considerable attention in recent years and is recognized as a viable alternative to traditional surveys and the manual evaluation of topographic maps. However, most studies have covered limited areas due to the lack of detailed information and/or the lack of highly efficient algorithms. In this paper we present an application that delineates river networks and catchment boundaries across the European continent from a medium resolution (250 m) DEM. We exploit novel algorithms based on the concepts of mathematical morphology and implement a landscape stratification for drainage density.A flow direction grid is computed using an efficient algorithm for the removal of spurious pits. River networks are then derived by imposing a variable threshold for the minimum contributing area needed to form and maintain a channel. This is achieved through a landscape stratification that reflects the ability of the terrain to develop different drainage densities. It is shown that the analysis of environmental characteristics coupled with the analysis of local slope versus contributing area enables river network mapping with a spatially varying drainage density. The result has been validated by comparing the derived data to digital river and catchment data from other sources and with varying scales of observation.     

Pedo‐ecological consequences of lithological discontinuities in soils—examples from Central Europe

Soil profiles having lithological discontinuities, i.e., stratified or layered profiles, occur worldwide. Their genesis as part of the upper‐regolith formation is comparatively well understood, particularly in Central Europe where extensive research on relic periglacial cover beds has been done. But the pedogenetic and ecological implications of lithologically discontinuous soils (LDS) are less well known. Most textbooks rely on the so‐called A‐B‐C‐model as a climate‐driven approach to soil formation. After reviewing definitions and concepts of lithological discontinuities and how they form, we present a pedogenetic model extending the traditional approach by considering substrate genesis and regolith dynamics. The consequences in the interpretation of vertical distributions of parameters of soil acidification and of heavy metals are investigated for typical soil profiles from the W Ore Mountains and the central‐German lowlands. Results show how lithological discontinuities influence the depth gradients and that properties inherited from substrate should be distinguished, if possible, from those developed by pedogenesis.