Effect of soil moisture during stratification on dormancy release in seeds of five common weed species

Although the effects of cold stratification on the release of physiological dormancy in seeds have been studied extensively, knowledge of the role of soil moisture content on seed dormancy release during cold stratification is limited. Our study determined seed dormancy characteristics and the effect of soil moisture content on seed dormancy breakage during cold stratification in the five common weed species Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Plantago lanceolata and Setaria glauca. Seeds of all five species were dormant at the time of harvest and their germination response to light and temperature varied. Soil moisture content had a significant effect on seed dormancy release of all species except P. lanceolata. Germination percentage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum increased and then decreased as soil moisture content increased, regardless of germination test temperature. The optimal soil moisture content and seed moisture content for dormancy breakage of A. retroflexus, C. album, C. hybridum were 8%, 12%, 8% and 22.0%, 37.7%, 25.7% respectively. Dry storage (after‐ripening) significantly increased germination of S. glauca. Moreover, increasing soil moisture content first slowed and then increased dormancy breakage in S. glauca. These results suggest that data on soil moisture content should be incorporated into models that predict weed seed dormancy breakage and timing of seedling emergence as well as those for weed management.     

室温干燥贮藏和天然高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发的影响

明晰草玉梅种子休眠的释放,为草地管理和草玉梅的栽培提供基础,研究了室温干燥贮藏和高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,室温干燥贮藏天数不同、是否去掉果皮和是否光照影响了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数、发芽率和发芽指数。随着贮藏天数的增加,去掉果皮草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数呈不同程度的减小,发芽率和发芽指数呈不同程度的增加。室温贮藏40~180 d的草玉梅种子,去掉或未去掉果皮后光照条件下的初次发芽天数显著低于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏40,80,150和180 d的草玉梅种子在去掉果皮光照处理下,其发芽率间的差异不显著(P>0.05),但皆显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏180 d的草玉梅种子未去掉果皮光照下的发芽率显著高于贮藏80和150 d处理(P<0.05),后两者显著高于贮藏40 d处理(P<0.05),贮藏40 d 处理又显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。光照不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数,提高了草玉梅种子的发芽率和发芽指数。高寒草甸土壤中冷季层积处理不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初次发芽天数,提高了发芽率和发芽指数。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在30/20℃和20/10℃变温条件下的初次发芽天数分别显著低于层积不践踏处理(P<0.05)。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在25/15℃和20/10℃变温条件下的发芽率(分别为38.0%和35.3%),显著高于层积不践踏处理(22.7%和14.0%);室温贮藏同期(11月-4月)未去掉果皮的草玉梅种子未能发芽。当年10月成熟后层积于天祝高寒草甸放牧地的草玉梅种子,至次年8月底有40.2%的发芽;未发芽的草玉梅种子在培养箱30/20℃到20/5℃的温度范围均能发芽,在30/20℃最高,仅为15.3%,绝大多数种子处于休眠。     

双核冬青种子休眠原因与萌发特性

研究了双核冬青种子的休眠原因和萌发特性。结果表明：双核冬青属于综合深休眠。种壳约占种子风干质量的74．7％,种子透水性良好,透气性差,是强迫休眠的主要原因。种皮和胚乳（胚）内含有抑制物质,但是否影响种子休眠和萌发有待进一步研究。种子成熟时种胚未发育完全,需要生理后熟。浓硫酸处理可以有效减轻种皮的质量,减弱种子的机械束缚力,增强了种子的透气性;30min＋500mg／kgGA3＋暖温（恒温20℃）层积处理,层积55天时种子即开始发芽,270天时发芽率可达21．5％。对照种子颗粒未发。     

基于有序聚类法的土壤水分剖面划分

【目的】研究有序聚类法在土壤水分剖面划分中的应用。【方法】在黄土高原丘陵区陕西省安塞县,以乔木林地、灌木林地、果园用地和天然草地等4种土地利用类型为研究对象,测定4种用地类型0~500 cm土层(每20 cm为1层,共25层)的土壤水分含量,然后采用有序聚类法对4种土地利用类型土壤水分剖面进行分层。【结果】从专业角度无法确定最优分类数K时,可以利用碎石图来确定,对全部样本进行分类并作碎石图可知,当K=4时,有序分割达到最优;对土地利用类型而言,土壤水分剖面总体可划分为水分弱利用层、根系集中层、强烈耗水层、水分调节层等4层,中间2层又可简单地归结为土壤水分利用层。【结论】基于有序聚类法划分的土壤水分剖面分层结果符合黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的土壤水分垂直分布实际,表明了该分层方法的合理性。     

河北省大雾形成的气候特征及动力热力条件分析

利用常规气象观测资料及NCEP再分析资料等,对河北省大雾的气候特征及形成机理进行了深入的研究。结果表明,槽脊浅薄,低空风速小,空气湿度大,冷空气活动不明显,是大雾日偏多年的气候背景特征;大雾发生过程中高空、地面的气象环流形势均较弱,地面维持较长时间的低风速、高湿度、温度变化平稳,大气层结稳定;冷锋带来的偏北大风是大雾消散的动力因子;中低空存在的下沉气流与近地层逆温的出现有利于大雾的维持与发展。     

不同温度条件对天女木兰种子层积催芽效果的影响

通过对不同温度条件下天女木兰种子层积催芽效果的研究,以期获得快速促进种子萌发的技术。试验采用①天女木兰种子用清水浸种48 h,然后进行室内低温层积((4±1)℃,150 d);②室内控制变温层积((4±1)℃,50 d→(17±1)℃,25 d→(4±1)℃,50 d→(17±1)℃,25 d);③室外低温层积和室外自然变温层积催芽处理。并在层积过程中定期取样测定胚长占种子长的比例、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化物酶活性以及过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明:处理②的天女木兰种子,胚发育优于相应的其他层积催芽;天女木兰种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在层积催芽后均比层积前有不同程度提高;层积后种子中过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性升高,室内控制变温处理在层积过程中各种酶的上升速度较其它快。总之,控制变温层积催芽处理的天女木兰种子催芽效果最佳。     

青绿苔草种子萌发特性研究

通过对青绿苔草种子萌发特性的研究,得出其适宜温度为15℃/25℃的变温处理。青绿苔草种子为喜光种子,在光照条件下可极显著提高发芽指数;低浓度赤霉素处理可极显著提高发芽指数,但高浓度赤霉素抑制发芽;浓硫酸处理30 s时,可极显著提高发芽率和发芽指数;层积处理150 d后,发芽指数为18.15,发芽时间缩短。     

Canopy vs. understory: Does tree diversity affect bee and wasp communities and their natural enemies across forest strata?

Bees and wasps provide important ecosystem services such as pollination and biocontrol in crop-dominated landscapes, but surprisingly little information is available on hymenopteran communities in temperate forest ecosystems. Species richness and abundance of bees and wasps can be hypothesised to increase with plant diversity, structural complexity, and availability of food and nesting resources. By experimentally exposing standardised nesting sites, we examined abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees (pollinators), wasps (predators) and their associated parasitoids across a tree diversity gradient in a temperate deciduous forest habitat. In addition, spatial distribution of individuals and species across forest strata (canopy vs. understory) was tested. Abundance and species richness was high for predatory wasps, but generally low for pollinators. Species-rich forest stands supported increased abundance, but not species richness, of pollinators and predatory wasps, and also increased abundance and species richness of natural enemies. In addition, the forests showed a distinct spatial stratification in that abundance of bees, wasps and parasitoids as well as parasitism rates were higher in the canopy than understory. We conclude that particularly the canopy in temperate forest stands can serve as an important habitat for predatory wasp species and natural enemies, but not bee pollinators. Enhanced tree diversity was related to increased hymenopteran abundance, which is likely to be linked to an increase in nesting and food resources in mixed forest stands.     

冬小麦遥感估产回归尺度分析

将统计业务和遥感估产结合起来,以北京市统计局提供的实割实测产量数据作为野外样方,利用抽样村和地块两种尺度的实测数据,用抽样村整体回归、地块整体回归和地块分层回归3种方法进行遥感估产,将所得结果与北京市统计局发布的统计单产从不同级别进行比较分析。结果表明,利用抽样村和地块两种尺度的实测数据进行回归估产都可以得到高精度的市级单产;在区县级别上利用地块尺度的实测数据进行估产得到的区县级单产精度高于抽样村尺度;在村级上利用地块实测数据进行单产预测能够较抽样村尺度更好的反映实际单产,模型更加稳定。因此,利用地块尺度的实测产量数据建立整体回归和分层回归模型都是可行,有效的,可以得到小区域尺度高精度的单产结果。     

黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面的垂直分层

 为从蒸散耗水角度对黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面进行垂直分层,在山西吉县蔡家川流域刺槐林地布设频域反射仪对0～150cm土层分层连续测定土壤水分,综合利用灰关联分析法和有序聚类法对各土层、不同时间蒸散耗水特性进行研究。结果表明:从蒸散耗水角度,黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分可垂直划分为地表植物蒸散耗水层(0～10cm)、林下灌木蒸散耗水层(10～40 cm)、刺槐蒸散耗水层(40～150cm);灰关联分析法和有序聚类法可以综合应用于土壤水分剖面垂直分层研究。分层方法数学理论基础较严密,取得的分层结果与现有相关研究结果基本一致,因此,有较高可信度,可为黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分研究提供参考。