滇中冷凉山区不同播期反季花椰菜产量效益分析

为摸索滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期以集成高效栽培技术推广应用,于2017—2018年选择海拔2250 m的云南省峨山县塔甸镇大西村地块进行9个播期的2年随机区组试验。结果表明,花椰菜生育期随播期推迟而延长,而花球采收期除播期7月10日外随播期推迟而逐渐增长;花椰菜株高、外叶数、开展度、球高、球径和单球重等农艺性状有随播期延迟呈现先逐渐减小而后又逐渐增大的趋势;莲座期黑腐病和霜霉病的病情指数随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐升高而后又逐渐下降的趋势;花椰菜小区产量随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐下降而后又逐渐提高的趋势,播期4月20日和4月30日与其余7个播期产量之间的差异达极显著水平。综合花椰菜在冷凉山区反季节栽培的生产实际和各播期产量产值及商品性表现,推荐滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期为4月20—30日。     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

高压直流接地极对埋地管道腐蚀的影响和管控思考

高压直流输电、油气长输管道建设促进了全国范围内的能源优化配置,但高压直流接地极放电对埋地管道的强直流干扰问题应该引起足够关注。为进一步加强相关风险管控,回顾中国高压直流输电网的发展历程,对高压直流接地极放电影响管道的典型特点进行分析,结合当前实际提出后续风险管控的发展方向。研究结果表明:邻近油气长输管道路由的高压直流输电线路和接地极对管道的影响具有干扰时间不确定、干扰机理复杂、干扰程度大及缓解困难的特点,是管道当前面临的突出安全风险。高压直流输电网调试或故障运行过程中,接地极单极放电会加速管道腐蚀。后续应从加强沟通协调和联合测试,深化腐蚀机理和规律研究,采取综合治理措施等方面提升检测、研究及治理水平,全方位保障国家能源通道的安全稳定。     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高。基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定。高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌科(Mycosphaerellaceae)、小戴卫霉科(Davidiellaceae)、小囊菌科(Plectosphaerellaceae)、赤霉属(Gibberella)、附球霉属(Epicoccum)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)。分离培养结果显示,得到真菌共计40株10种,分别是大豆北方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora)、大豆南方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.meridionalis)、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(Diaporthe longicolla/Phomopsis longicolla)、大豆炭腐病菌(Macrophomina phaseolina)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、附球菌(Epicoccum sp.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、小双胞腔菌(Didymella sp.)。     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

松阳县古松树的松材线虫病现状调查与分析

古松树是历史的见证,是文化的承载,其保护工作具有重要意义,但因松材线虫的传播侵染,其生存状况不容乐观。本研究以松阳古松树为对象,基于分子检测技术,对其松材线虫病现状进行了调查与分析。结果表明,有12个乡镇近60%的古松树均已感病,疫情较为严重,需及时开展抗病保护工作。     

牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。     

鄂西北秃杉侧枝扦插试验

为了筛选适合秃杉扦插繁殖的方法,以6～7年生长健壮秃杉的1～2年生侧枝为插穗材料,将5种不同质量浓度的ABT1号生根粉(1000、500、250、100、50 mg·L-1)分别以5个不同处理时间(5、15、30、60、360 min)进行浸泡处理,随后于圃地进行扦插试验,12个月后调查扦插育苗效果.结果表明:不同质量浓度、不同处理时间的扦插效果有显著差异.所有处理中,愈伤组织诱导率最高的处理为使用质量浓度为250 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理15 min,其愈伤组织诱导率达83.33％;愈伤组织生长最佳的处理为使用质量浓度为500 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理30 min、质量浓度为250 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理5 min,其愈伤组织的直径均达到0.61 cm;生根率最高的处理为使用质量浓度为250 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理360 min及使用质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理15 min,其生根率均为46.67％;生根数量最多的处理为使用质量浓度为250 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理360 min,平均生根数量为2.43条;根系长度生长最佳的处理为使用质量浓度为500 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理360 min,其平均根长为10.04 cm;苗高生长最佳的处理为使用质量浓度为500 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理5 min,其苗高为7.88 cm;地径生长最佳的处理为使用质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理5 min,其地径生长量为0.58 cm;新梢生长最佳的处理为使用质量浓度为500 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理30 min,其长度达到3.93 cm.最适宜秃杉扦插繁殖的处理为使用质量浓度为250 mg·L-1的ABT1号生根粉处理360 min,此时扦插成活率最高,生根数量最多,苗木生长较好.