严防松材线虫传入名胜黄山

严防松材线虫传入名胜黄山周学尚（黄山市森防检疫站２４５０００）黄山是安徽省重点林区，其自然景观成为国家重点风景名胜。为了保护、开发和利用黄山资源，我市采取以下措施严防松材线虫传入黄山。１市政府重视预防工作１９８７年徽州地区改为黄山市以来，市政府先后发...     

森林松材线虫病防控技术体系研究

松材线虫病是一种由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染松树引起的毁灭性松树病害,同时也是国际森林植物检疫性有害生物,其传播蔓延迅速,防治难度大,对松树林造成严重为害,被称为松树的"癌症".重庆市巴南区森林覆盖率为41.7%,是重庆市松材线虫病主要疫区.长期以来,实现对松材线虫病的有效防控一直是巴南区松林资源安全和国土生态安全工作的重点,本文从松材线虫病防控技术体系、存在问题和建议3个方面对巴南区近几年来防控松材线虫病的工作进行了总结,旨在为松材线虫病的防控提供参考.     

松材线虫的远距离传播及其检疫问题

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus从一个寄主个体(一株树、一段圆木等)向另一寄主个体的转移依赖昆虫介体。至今发现有24种昆虫可携带松材线虫,已证实其中有6种天牛可通过下述方式传播松材线虫萎蔫病:从病死树中羽化出的天牛感染松材线虫,在补充营养取食和产卵时     

吉安市松材线虫病传播风险及防控措施的研究

吉安市位于江西省中部,是江西马尾松、湿地松等经济林的重要生产基地,区域生态地位重要。为更好地保护该区域森林资源和生态环境,本文分析了当前吉安市松材线虫病传播风险,松材线虫病防控存在的问题,并提出了吉安市松材线虫病防控对策与措施。     

泰宁县松材线虫病发生现状与防控对策

松材线虫病[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Sterner et Buhrer)Nickle]是由松材线虫引起的,以松墨天牛为主要传播媒介的一种松树毁灭性流行性病害,被称作松林"SARS"、"癌症",属国际国内林业重大检疫性有害生物。通过对福建省泰宁县松材线虫病发生基本情况、发生特点及治理现状的调查,分析了其发生原因及疫情控制工作中存在的问题,并提出相应的防控策略,以期为泰宁县松材线虫病的除治提供参考。     

井冈山市松材线虫病防控形势分析与对策

松材线虫病防控是关系到一个地方生态安全、经济发展的重要工作,井冈山市是江西省的重点生态区,也是全省松材线虫病防控重点预防区,围绕重点预防区,有针对性落实各项预防措施,做到严防死守,确保重点生态区安全。该文分析了井冈山市松材线虫病防控形势和对生态经济的影响,并提出防控工作存在的主要问题和加强防控工作的对策。     

浅谈松材线虫病的防治

松材线虫病是一种常见的森林病虫害,又被称为"松树癌症"。本文通过对松材线虫病进行简单的介绍,对其病原进行分析,着重提出松材线虫病的防治措施,旨在降低松材线虫病的发病率。     

球孢白僵菌蛋白酶、几丁质酶、脂肪酶活性与其毒力相关性

松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope),又名松褐天牛,是我国松林目前最重要的害虫,也是传播毁灭性病害病原线虫松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle)的媒介昆虫,是松材线虫病新疫点的最重要成因之一,因此大力防治松墨天牛是保护我国松林的关键[1,2].     

松材线虫种群遗传多样性AFLP标记的建立及其应用

 松材线虫是极具危险性的外来入侵生物,其引起的松材线虫病,目前正在我国部分地区迅速扩展和蔓延,对我国林业生产造成了严重的经济损失。开展松材线虫的种群遗传学研究,是了解其成功入侵和爆发成灾内在机理的重要途径。但迄今为止,尚未找到很有效的分子标记方法来检测松材线虫入侵种群的遗传变异。本文采用AFLP分子标记技术,通过对各反应体系和反应条件的优化及对多态性引物组合的筛选,成功地建立了松材线虫的AFLP分子标记实验体系,并筛选出52对高效多态性的引物组合。应用4对引物对27个松材线虫种群样品进行遗传多样性检测,结果表明,AFLP是进行松材线虫种群遗传学研究的一种很灵敏和可靠的分子标记。此外,本文还对AFLP技术在松材线虫研究中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

伞滑刃线虫属部分种群28S RNA基因中D2-D3区的特征

 对伞滑刃线虫属部分种群包括松材线虫、拟松材线虫、豆伞滑刃线虫、莱奴尔夫伞滑刃线虫和泰国伞滑刃线虫等种的28S RNA基因中D2-D3区进行了系统的研究。经PCR扩增发现, 不同的种均产生1个约750 bp的片段。利用限制性内切酶对其进行PCR-RFLP分析, 除松材线虫与拟松材线虫的酶切图谱比较接近外, 其它伞滑刃线虫种群获得不同的酶切图谱。图谱分析发现, 限制性内切酶Bsh1236I能区分2个近似种——松材线虫和拟松材线虫。进一步分析表明:Bsh1236I对28S RNA基因D2-D3区的酶切可用于鉴定本研究中伞滑刃线虫属的不同种群。同时运用clustalx1.8和Mega 2软件对28S RNA基因D2-D3区构建部分伞滑刃线虫属种群的系统树, 显示出与形态学基本一致的聚类组群。     

马尾松松材线虫病与松材蓝变相关性研究

 研究表明:松材线虫引起的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)病树死亡后期,必然有蓝变(Blue-stain)现象。松材蓝变程度与松树树干部位相关性不大。但是,对于同一棵树,若蓝变程度高,则每一部位的蓝变程度都比较高;若蓝变程度低,则每部位的蓝变程度可能都比较低。蓝变程度与松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的含量也没有正相关关系。在松材线虫病木的检疫过程中,松木蓝变仅可以作为松材线虫病的参考指标。     

松材线虫对黑松一些生理生化指标的影响（英文）

 松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。本文对接种松材线虫后3~4年生黑松茎部的一些生理生化指标的变化进行了研究。结果显示,接种线虫后,松苗的可溶性糖含量降低,在病情发展中期和后期比早期降低更显著。松苗的可溶性蛋白质和抗坏血酸含量逐渐降低,游离氨基酸含量也降低。松树茎部的可溶性蛋白质含量可用于病害的早期诊断。此外,对这4个生理生化指标在病害致病机理中的作用进行了讨论。     

Potential for establishment of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the pine wilt disease under Nordic conditions1

Serious concern about the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and the pine wilt disease arose in 1984 when the nematode was discovered in wood chips imported for the Finnish pulp industry. It has been questioned whether this nematode could establish itself and actually damage pine trees under Nordic conditions. It seems likely that B. xylophilus could reproduce in Nordic forest lands. It is also likely that potential vector insects are present and could be functional in the establishment and epidemic development of the disease. Although temperatures in Nordic areas hardly seem conducive to pine wilt disease, other factors may contribute to disease expression. Research is needed on interactions of stress factors, particularly temperature and soil moisture, in the expression of pine wilt disease. A better understanding of these interactions would aid in evaluating the risk connected with an accidental introduction of the nematode into Nordic countries and provide a sound basis for trade regulations. At present, there are reasons to be most restrictive concerning any possible means of introduction of B. xylophilus.     

Comparison of the surface coat proteins of the pine wood nematode appeared during host pine infection and in vitro culture by a proteomic approach

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become of worldwide quarantine concern in recent years. Here, we disclosed the surface coat (SC) proteins of the PWN which are thought to be one of the key components in pine wilt development. This is the first report that focused on the SC proteins and thoroughly identified those proteins of a plant-parasitic nematode using the proteomic approach. In this study, SC protein profiles were compared for PWNs grown on the fungus Botrytis cinerea and in host pine seedlings. The results demonstrated that the gross amount of PWN SC proteins drastically increased during infection of the host pine. Thirty-seven protein bands showed significant quantity differences between fungus-grown and host-origin PWNs, and were used for identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis. These included several proteins that are presumed to be involved in the host immune response; for example, regulators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a ROS scavenger. These results might suggest that the PWN SC proteins are crucial in modulating or evading host immune response. Our data provide a new insight into the mechanism of pine wilt disease and the biological role of the SC proteins of plant-parasitic nematodes.     

Modelling pine wilt disease (PWD) for current and future climate scenarios as part of a pest risk analysis for pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle in Germany

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes pine wilt disease (PWD) in Pinus species given suitable climatic conditions. A model was run...     

Relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the migration or proliferation of pine wood nematodes

To study the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the migration or proliferation of pine wood nematodes (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), we conducted experiments using clonally-propagated Japanese black pines (Pinus thunbergii) with pre-evaluated individual resistance levels. Bark including the cortical resin canals—one of the main migration pathways of PWN—was removed by girdling, but neither the migration of PWN nor symptom development of pine wilt disease were inhibited by this treatment in non-resistant clones. Histological observations showed no significant differences in the lumen area or the number of cortical- and xylem- axial resin canals between resistant and susceptible clone groups from a half-sib family. A bioassay using methanol extracts from resistant and susceptible clones showed that extracts from both clones showed similar attractant effects to PWN, but neither had repellent effects. The resistant clones were multi-inoculated with PWN into three split points to mimic migration in the stem. The proportion of damaged plants was not significantly different from that in single-inoculated plants (control). In this experiment, the number of PWN detected from partially-damaged plants was much higher than that from non-damaged plants. An inoculation test using stem cuttings showed that the population of PWN increased in susceptible cuttings at 1–20 days after inoculation (dai), while it remained unchanged or gradually decreased in resistant cuttings. These findings suggested that the factors contributing to resistance were associated with inhibiting the proliferation of PWN, rather than inhibiting their migration.     

The pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle,and its pathogenicity to German Pinus sylvestris provenances

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, can cause pine wilt disease on susceptible conifer species, mainly Pinus spp., outside its natural...     

Induction of resistance against pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using selected pine endophytic bacteria

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is the most destructive disease threatening pine worldwide. The disease is mainly caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by pine sawyer longhorn-beetles, Monochamus spp. This study aimed to select resistance-inducing pine endophytic bacteria for management of PWD. To set up a defence-related genes expression pattern for screening, four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-aminobutyric acid and α-aminobutyric acid) were tested in vitro on pine calli and in vivo on pine seedlings. Treatment with GABA had the greatest reduction in PWD severity on pine seedlings. The pattern of defence-related gene expression in calli treated with GABA was used to select potential resistance-inducing bacterial strains. In addition, 92 bacterial strains were isolated from pine tree needles and stems and were tested for expression of defence-related genes in pine calli in vitro. Among the tested strains, 13 showed a similar pattern to GABA treatment in at least four tested defence-related genes and were selected for the seedling assay. From the seedling assay, three bacterial strains (16YSM-E48, 16YSM-P180 and 16YSM-P39) showed significant reduction in PWD severity compared to the untreated control. Moreover, among the selected strains, cell-free culture supernatant of strain 16YSM-P180 significantly reduced PWD severity in inoculated pine seedlings. The selected strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida 16YSM-E48, Curtobacterium pusillum 16YSM-P180 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 16YSM-P39. These selected strains are suggested as potential alternatives for management of PWD by induction of systemic resistance.     

Prevention of pine wilt disease induced by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus galloprovincialis by trunk injection of emamectin benzoate

The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. We evaluated the efficacy of emamectin benzoate (EB) for preventing wilt disease in the field and its effect on the vector Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Four experimental plots were delimited in a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) forest in Portugal. Trunk-injection trials with EB included three dose-rates: 0.032 g a.i. cm^?1 diameter at breast height—DBH, n?=?75 trees; 0.064 g a.i. cm^?1 DBH, n?=?75 trees; and 0.128 g a.i. cm^?1 DBH, n?=?50 trees; along with an untreated control plot (n?=?75 trees). EB was successfully injected and translocated in pines at an effective concentration. None of the treated trees died after a period of 26 months, contrasting with a 33% mortality of non-treated pines. Analysis of residues successfully detected EB in branches of treated pines, with the quantity increasing relative to the injection dose rate, and was found to have a clear effect on the longevity and feeding activity of adult M. galloprovincialis feeding on branches. EB was efficient in preventing wilt disease and bark beetle attacks in the terrain, and its application by trunk injection is a new option for wilt disease management programs in Portugal and in Europe.     

Guidance on sampling to detect pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in trees, wood and insects

The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It is a quarantine pest for most countries in the world. Surveys for the occurrence of the nematode may be necessary in the framework of internationally agreed phytosanitary standards, in order to delimit infested areas or to demonstrate the absence of B .  xylophilus and thus to identify pest free areas. Import inspections of wood and wood products also need sound monitoring systems. It is obvious that the quality of survey/monitoring, as well as the results of diagnosis, are strongly dependent on the sampling procedure. Although, in the literature, numerous results of surveys and monitoring are documented, sampling procedures vary and there is no scientific or statistically based sampling system published for B. xylophilus . The current paper relates background information concerning the biology of the nematode, its vector beetles and the development of pine wilt disease and the influence of these factors on sampling procedures, and attempts to define a more systematic methodology.