基于DEM的水系提取及集水阈值确定方法研究

[目的]确定适宜的集水阈值,使自动提取的水系河网与实际河道相符。[方法]以DEM数据为基础,利用ArcGIS水文分析模块对研究区流域河网水系进行自动提取,基于河网密度与集水阈值的相关性,在已提出的拟合函数一阶导数求转折点、二阶导数求拐点法确定集水阈值的基础上,以龙川江流域为例,提出求解河网密度变化率等于集水阈值变化率的数值方法,得到适宜的集水阈值。[结果]通过设置不同集水阈值生成河网,发现不同集水阈值对主河道长度及地理空间位置影响较小,但对提取的河网特征影响较大,最终确定龙川江流域集水阈值设置为0.12km2为宜。[结论]集水阈值的确定影响着河网提取的精度,通过变化率确定集水阈值的方法主观因素较少,避免了人为干扰,相对客观,可对区域水土流失监测提供一定依据。     

基于DEM的黑龙江宾州河流域水系提取试验研究

基于数字高程模型(digital elevation models,DEM)提取河网及相关流域信息是数字水文研究中的热点问题。以东北黑土区宾州河流域为研究区域,采用5m分辨率的DEM作为研究数据,运用ArcGIS9.2中的Hydrology水文处理工具包(Arc Hydro Tools)提取研究区河网特征。研究结果表明,分别采用0.75,1.25,2,2.5,3.75和5km2的集水面积阈值提取流域河网特征时,不同集水面积阈值对确定主河道的空间位置影响较小,但提取的数字流域河网特征会发生较大变化。基于河网密度与集水面积阈值及河源密度与集水面积阈值的关系探讨了适宜的集水面积阈值确定方法,发现取集水面积阈值为2km2时提取的河网特征与实际水系特征基本吻合,精度达95%以上。因此,基于Arc Hydro Tools的流域特征自动提取是切实可行的。     

A probabilistic approach to river network detection in digital elevation models

River networks are often derived from digital terrain models and are affected by uncertainty and errors of the corresponding elevation data. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the errors provides information on the confidence level of the derived networks. However indications on the most probable river network as a whole are missing. This study proposes a method to indicate which is the river network maximising the sum of the probability values along the network, given a map reporting the likelihood that a cell belongs to the network itself. The method is considering the inverse of the channel probability map as pseudo-DEM from which drainage networks are derived. A reference network is used to assess the spatial match of the extracted river networks using the Euclidean distance as simple comparison parameter. The network extracted from the inverse of the channel probability map is the closest to the reference. The use of a probabilistic approach to error modelling significantly increases the values of channel probability for extracted river networks and the spatial match with a ground reference dataset.     

Slope–channel decoupling in Wolumla catchment,New South Wales,Australia: the changing nature of sediment sources following European settlement

Within a few decades of European settlement, channel incision transformed discontinuous river courses throughout Wolumla catchment, on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. The development of continuous channels greatly increased sediment delivery from the catchment. This paper documents the character, timing and proportion of sediment sourced from upland valley fills, channel expansion sites, and gully networks. Volumes of material transferred from these sources are compared with estimates of sediment eroded from hillslopes, and the movement of sediment off the slopes to the valley floor is assessed. Although disturbance of slopes resulted in significant movement of materials, most of this material has been stored on-slope, in trapped tributary fills and along lower order drainage lines. The slopes are effectively decoupled from the channel. Sediment accumulation in farm dams over the past few decades has been negligible. Around 75% of the total volume of material released from creeks in Wolumla catchment since 1865, i.e., 5500×10³ m³, has been derived from channel incision into valley fills at the base of the escarpment. Sediment flushing occurred within a few decades of catchment disturbance. Bedrock confinement in the middle and lower catchment resulted in very efficient downstream transfer of materials. Although gully networks and channel expansion sites have released a relatively small volume of material, these sources are the greatest contemporary source of sediment in Wolumla catchment.     

Proportions of subsurface drainages in large areas—methodological study in the Middle Mulde catchment (Germany)

High nitrogen (N) input to rivers requires measures for the reduction of diffuse N pollution. Beside the groundwater, artificial subsurface drainage systems are the main pathways of diffuse N input into rivers. Nevertheless, the N discharge via subsurface drainage systems is one of the main missing links for modeling, especially because of the lack of data bases of subsurface drainage areas. We introduce a method to calculate the normally unknown proportions of drained areas in arable lands improving the existing method by Behrendt et al. (2000). The method is applied for the catchment of Middle Mulde river (area: 2,700 km²) in Saxony/Germany. The data records of the mesoscale soil mapping are allocated to the subsurface‐drainage areas digitalized in representative areas using ARC/INFO GIS. In this way, it is possible to establish a differentiated record of the proportion of subsurface‐drainage area of each regional site type. The results were extrapolated to the entire area by transferring the proportions of subsurface‐drainage areas to areas where no information on drainage areas was available. The approach is well‐suited for future model approaches on a regional scale. By creating and integrating new data sets derived from modern GIS operations, the approach reduces the uncertainty of modeling N and water fluxes.     

Application of catchment scale sediment delivery model INCA-Sed to four small study catchments in Finland

The novel catchment scale erosion and sediment delivery model INCA-Sed was applied to four small study catchments in Finland. Three of these, the Mustajoki, Haarajoki and Luhdanjoki, are headwater catchments located in central Finland. The associated rivers have differing morphological characteristics varying from a ditch to a small river. Soil textures in the area are derived from moraine deposits and are largely sand and gravel. The Mustajoki and Haarajoki catchments are forested and only 10% of the area is under cultivation. In the Luhdanjoki catchment agricultural fields cover 40% of the area. The fourth study site, the Savijoki catchment, represents an intensively cultivated area in south-western Finland. Cultivated fields cover 40% of the catchment area, and they are located on clay soils along the river. The INCA-Sed model was able to capture both the correct magnitude and seasonal behaviour of suspended sediment concentrations in the rivers, as well as the correct magnitude of the sediment load derived from different land use classes. Small differences in river morphology and soil textures between the catchments have a significant influence on suspended sediment concentration in the rivers. Correct timing of suspended sediment concentration peaks is not, however, captured by the INCA-Sed model, which may be due to the stochastic nature of erosion and delivery processes at the catchment scale which are not taken into account in the parameter values used in the modelling. Parameter values were estimated from previous researches based on average process loads. The INCA-Sed model was, however, generally found to be a suitable tool for evaluating effects of land use change on erosion and sediment delivery in Finland as it correctly reproduces spatial and seasonal variations in sediment delivery, in addition to annual averages with spatial and temporal variations.     

在不同规模实验条件下对中国亚热带东南地区水运动过程和土壤侵蚀进行研究的方法模型

This paper introduces and illustrates the concepts of geoecological process combinations and geographical or landscape dimensions by outlining the methodology of a Sino-German cooperative project in Southeast China and presents the first results of the modelling process for the catchment scale. The project equipped a catchment in subtropical Southeast China from plot scale to catchment scale in order to study the hydrological and soil erosion processes. Distinct spatial differences in principal water and soil material fluxes were quantified. Deep drainage peaks occurred in May, June and July and even in August and November. Measurements in erosion plots as well as sedimentary deposits revealed that there was soil erosion connected with overland flow. Consistent with the results from the regular catenary variations of soil colors, textural stratification and hydrograph analysis, there was also a clear indication of interflow from measured soil moisture data. The experimental set up has the potential to further deepen the understanding of small-scale processes involved in lateral water fluxes and soil erosion. The expected results and interpretations will lead to a further integration of the collected data. In the future, to understand matter transfer in and between landscape ecological units, agricultural influence on nutrient status and flux data will be incorporated.     

祖厉河流域水系分维与地貌发育阶段浅析

根据Horton-strahle水道序列划分原则,采用数学模型,对黄河上游水土流失严重的祖厉河流域进行分析计算,得出该流域水系分维及其主河道分维,并确定了其流域发育阶段,为同类型区的小流域水系分维计算、地貌发育阶段的确定和水土保持工作提供可操作性强的方法。     

用数字高程模型进行地表径流模拟中的几个问题

用数字高程模型进行地表径流模拟时,由于网络精度和高程精度的限制,使得在某些局部的模拟结果不理想。针对其中几个关键的技术问题,提出了相应的解决办法。伪负地形填充法可以区别真正的负地形和由于ＤＥＭ误差造成的假象,并对伪负地形行填充。水系图与ＤＥＭ结合的方法可消除径流模拟结果与现有水系不吻合的现象,有效提高径流模拟精度。在地势平坦地区,采取在原ＤＥＭ上加微小修正值的办法,可以得到理想的模拟结果。     

Analysis of gully dimensions and sediment texture from southeast Australia for catchment sediment budgeting

Catchment scale sediment budgeting models are increasingly being used to target remediation works aimed at controlling erosion and improving water quality. Gully erosion is often a major sediment source and needs to be accounted for in such models in a manner consistent with the scale of analysis and available data. Using 130 measurements of gully cross-sectional area and 45 measurements of gully wall sediment texture, the variability in gully dimensions and particle size distribution for the Lake Burragorang catchment in Australia is examined. The distribution of gully cross-sectional area measurements is log-normally distributed and modelling indicates a representative value of 23 m² be used in catchment sediment budgeting applications. The proportion of gully eroded sediment contributing to the bedload budget (defined as particles > 63 μm diameter) of a river link is approximately half, though may be higher in igneous landscapes. A continental scale spatially distributed subsoil texture dataset provided limited capacity to predict the finer scale spatial variation in the proportion of sediment contributing to bedload from gully erosion within the Lake Burragorang catchment.     

An ecological and hydrological analysis of soil- and water-protective agrolandscapes in Ukraine

The theoretical and applied fundamentals of soil and water protection, as well as the ecological optimization of agrolandscapes, are developed according to the erosional and hydrological parameters of the latter in the following hierarchical system: a river basin—a balka catchment—an elementary catchment area. The critical status of the land resources and the factors disturbing the agroecosystem stability are assessed. The optimal proportion between the landscape components (the ecological arrangement) is developed; the agroecological grouping of lands and functional models of soil- and water-protective agrolandscapes are proposed. The methodological and calculated standard principles of arranging the agrolandscapes are developed on the basis of shower runoff models.     

从太原市“96·8·04”暴雨洪灾看城市水土保持工作的重要性

太原市北、西、东三面被重山环抱,汾河由北而南穿过其中,对市区构成暴雨洪灾威胁的面积约850km~2.虎峪河是城区西部山区最大的一条河流,流域面积47.1km~2.1996年8月4日,西部山区因连日降雨暴发了山洪,虎峪河奔腾咆哮的洪水,席卷了沿途桥粱,冲毁了河道堤岸,使繁华的迎泽西大街变成了狂泻洪水的河槽,造成的直接经济损失达2.86亿元.据分析,这次洪灾主要是不重视山区水土保持和人为乱堆滥弃废物造成的.水土保持应该走向更为广阔的主战场,不但要为山区农业建设服务,而且要为保证城镇安全服务.     

The role of life-history and location of barriers to migration in the spatial distribution and conservation of fish assemblages in a coastal river system

Water resource development in coastal river catchments contributes to poor fish assemblage health due to the effects of barriers to migration and altered flow regimes. Impacts of migration barriers on fish assemblages depend primarily on the location of each barrier within the river network and migration needs of regional fish fauna. This study examined how temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution and composition of fish assemblages was associated with varying estuarine connectivity and migration barriers in higher altitude reaches in the eastern Hunter River catchment, temperate Australia. Species richness and abundances of diadromous species were expected to be greater in a tributary catchment with unrestricted connectivity to the Hunter River estuary when compared to a neighbouring tributary catchment with restricted connectivity. Six diadromous species were sampled only, or in greater abundances, in the unrestricted tributary when compared to the restricted tributary. As a consequence, assemblage composition in the restricted tributary was dominated by non-diadromous species. Greater abundances of the amphidromous Cox’s gudgeon (Gobiomorphus coxii) were sampled in the unrestricted tributary following their estuarine-freshwater upstream juvenile migration period when compared to the restricted tributary. Differences in the accumulations of migratory species immediately downstream of upland barriers between the two levels of estuary connectivity indicate that migration barriers in lowland reaches have significant effects throughout the entire catchment. Results of this study indicate that the location of each barrier to migration within river networks has varying consequences for catchment-scale connectivity loss and assessing the impacts of multiple barriers. Determining the effects and most appropriate management of migration barriers requires that all obstructions within a river network are recognised, as multiple barriers can have cumulative and interacting consequences for freshwater fish fauna, especially diadromous species.     

Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton, Hungary

Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.     

Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton,Hungary

Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.     

Pipes and pipe flow process in an upland catchment,Wales

The results of observations on the spatial localisation, origin and function of soil pipes in an upland catchment are discussed. The pipes occur in distinct zones in the brown earth soils of the lower slopes, and form a hydrological link conducting water between an upslope zone of highly permeable skeletal soils and the stream channel. It is proposed that in this catchment, pipes develop from an initial network of mole burrows, modified by hydraulic activity to produce an efficient downslope transmission network. A conceptual model for the pipe slope segment is proposed which recognises the importance of this transmission role. Slope discharge controls switching between saturated throughflow, pipe flow and overland flow, each of which has a specific threshold value for operation. Attempts to investigate the significance of pipe flow at the catchment scale met with limited success, but it appears to be important in increasing both contributing area and duration of storm flow.     

Variability of water quality in a riparian wetland with interacting shallow groundwater and surface water

Lowland catchment hydrology is dominated by shallow groundwater with complex interactions between groundwater and surface water. In lowland catchments of N Germany, a high fraction of agricultural land is drained and therefore influenced by fast water transport to discharge systems with resulting alterations to water quality. The investigated catchment area “Kielstau” (approx. 50 km²) in the N of Schleswig‐Holstein serves as an example. Detailed investigations on the interactions between groundwater, river, and ditch‐water quality were evaluated at a drained riparian wetland area (0.15 km²) used as grassland in the central part of this catchment. The water quality in the drainage ditches showed variability dependent on their hydrological integration. At the far‐from‐river end, groundwater and ditch‐water quality were in most parameters much more alike than at the close‐to‐river end. The composition of ditch water at the close‐to‐river end of the ditch was determined by transformation processes and dilution which took place along the ditch much more than exfiltration processes like those that were dominant at the far‐from‐river end. In most cases, the mean NH concentrations were higher in the groundwater than in the ditches, but the highest concentrations were found all along the time in the close‐to‐river sampling points and in the river. The highest NO concentration was observed in a ditch influenced by an adjacent arable field as well as in the river. The concentrations of phosphate and total P were lower in groundwater than in the ditch water.     

Dispersal of Contaminant Metals in the Mining-Affected Danube and Maritsa Drainage Basins, Bulgaria, Eastern Europe

Metal dispersal in the Danube and Maritsa drainage basins resulting from metal mining activities in Bulgaria has been assessed through the collection of 611 samples of river water, river channel and floodplain sediment, and mine waste from over 218 sites. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in river water were found to be highest in close proximity to locations of Cu and Pb–Zn mining regions in the Maritsa catchment. Downstream dispersal of solute metals in these catchments, and into the River Danube, was found to be limited by physical dilution and a well-buffered pH environment. Dispersal of contaminant metals in channel and floodplain sediment was found to be extensive. Contamination was particularly severe in the Rivers Timok and Iskar (Danube catchment) and the Topolnitsa, Chepelarska, and Arda Rivers (Maritsa catchment) and creates the potential of transboundary dispersal of contaminant metals.     

Characterisation of river reaches: The influence of rock type

The characterisation of geomorphological, hydrological and ecological properties of river systems represents a popular and important research direction in fluvial studies, particularly with regards to contemporary international environmental legislation. Recent research has also drawn attention to the unique ecological value and high level of environmental threat associated with groundwater-fed catchments, emphasising the importance of underlying rock type in the development of river typologies. A standardised field method for assessing physical river habitat quality known as River Habitat Survey (RHS) has been developed in the UK and provides an extensive data set of surveyed river reaches. This paper uses information from the RHS database to explore the influence of rock type on reach-scale sedimentological and vegetation characteristics. A range of reach-scale indices are derived from the RHS database for analysis, supported by landscape variables which provide detail on the catchment context. River reaches were then classified into broad lithological groups which reveal statistically significant differences along two key gradients in environmental conditions: an energy gradient associated with stream power and sediment calibre which is inversely related to in-channel vegetation roughness, and a riparian vegetation gradient that also reflects the inverse relationship between instream and riparian vegetation cover. The results emphasise the differences in reach-scale geomorphological and ecological structure between groundwater-fed and surface water-fed catchments, supporting the inclusion of underlying reach lithology in the development of river typologies.     

GIS支持下岷江上游水文特征空间分析

流域水文特征的提取与分析不仅为水文过程模拟提供重要参数,而且是研究水土流失和制定防洪减灾措施的基础依据。以岷江上游90 m分辨率的DEM数据为基础,利用GIS手段提取了分水岭、流域面积以及河流长度等河网基本信息,并对流域内的干流和主要支流的河网密度、河道纵剖面等特征进行了定量分析。又据1982-1987年间岷江上游地区的21个雨量站的降水资料和同时期8个水文站的逐年径流量数据,对该流域及其主要子流域的径流系数进行了计算。结果表明:岷江上游流域的平均径流系数为0.77,各子流域的径流系数从北面镇江关流域的0.55递增至南面姜射坝水文站以下流域的0.88。流域的河网密度为0.172 km/km2,其各子流域变化范围为0.165~0.177 km/km2。干流河道平均比降为9.7‰,自北向南分布的5条支流的纵剖面凹曲度和比降均呈增加趋势,且主河道剖面形态受构造运动影响显著。