Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on the Lignin Synthesis in the Culm in Relation to Lodging Resistance of Buckwheat

Abstract

Lodging is an important constraint limiting buckwheat yield and quality by bending or breaking culm on buckwheat production worldwide. This study was conducted with Ningqiao 01, a moderate lodging resistance cultivar of buckwheat, to determine whether lignin synthesis and lodging resistance of buckwheat are affected by nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The results showed that the lignin content at the bottom of the 2nd internode was significantly and negatively correlated with lodging index and lodging percentage, but significantly and positively correlated with snapping resistance. The snapping resistance rose and then fell with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The snapping resistance decreased with the increase of planting density. The lodging index increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The lignin content and its related enzymes activities decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. These results suggested that the lignin content is closely related to the lodging resistance of buckwheat, and a higher lignin content could strengthen the lodging resistance of buckwheat. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density significantly increased the risk of lodging by decreasing the lignin content and its related enzymes activities at the bottom of the 2nd internode.     

Association of Grain Shedding Habit with Polyploidy in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Strains

Abstract

Sixty tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) strains were investigated for grain shedding habit, plant height, grain yield, dry weight of plant, weight of grain, days to flowering after sowing and DNA content of nuclei. The grain shedding habit was evaluated from the breaking strength of pedicel and the percentage of the grains dropped by threshing. DNA content of nuclei was detected by flow cytometry to classify the polyploidy level. The fluorescence intensity of the flow cytometry demonstrated no difference between common buckwheat (F. esculentum) and tartary buckwheat, but a clear difference was detected between the diploid and the autotetraploid strains. The survey of DNA content of the 60 tartary buckwheat strains revealed that most of the strains were diploids, but one strain was autotetraploid. The autotetraploid strain exhibited less grain shedding, and produced the largest grains among the strains tested. However, the other characters of the autotetraploid strain, such as plant height, grain yield, dry weight of a plant, and days to flowering, were similar to the mode of the traits of the diploid strains.     

Variation in Seed Shape and Husk Color in Japanese Native Cultivars of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

The variation in seed shape and husk color was investigated in 56 Japanese native cultivars of common buckwheat. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the cultivars in seed shape characteristics and husk colors. The 1000-seed weight (1000-SW) ranged widely, from 20.4 to 39.0 g, among the cultivars. The cultivars collected from the Kanto region of the mainland had a large length and width of seed and heavy 1000-SW. On the other hand, the cultivars from the Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan had a small length and width of seed. The length and width of seeds showed a high positive correlation. The cultivars with a high 1000-SW showed a slight difference between length and width of seed and were typically the triangular type in seed shape. The length/width ratio (L/W) depended on the width rather than the length of seed, though both were negatively correlated with the L/W. Highly positive correlations were found among the L*, a* and b* husk color value. The L* showed a highly positive correlation with growth duration, and the husk color of the cultivars became more deep black as growth duration decreased. The husk color of the cultivars from the Kyushu region (long growth duration) was grayish brown, but that of the cultivars from Nagano Pref. (the shortest growth duration) was characterized as typically deep black. The cultivars collected at lower latitude regions tended to have a lighter color of husk than those from higher latitude regions. The cultivars from the Tohoku region showed a smaller variation for seed size characteristics and 1000-SW, and the cultivars from the Kyushu region showed a smaller variation for husk color.     

荞麦的食用价值及开发利用

荞麦是粮食作物中营养最丰富的粮种之一,具有营养和保健双重功效,介绍了荞麦的营养价值、药用价值、医疗作用及加工方法,并对荞麦的开发利用提出建议。     

康卫氏皿扩散法测定荞麦粉的水分活度

[目的]测定不同粒度荞麦粉的水分活度,为荞麦粉这种食品原料的储存和加工提供基础数据。[方法]运用康卫氏皿扩散法测定荞麦粉的水分活度。[结果]用氯化镁、碳酸钾、氯化钠、氯化钾4种盐的饱和溶液构成的四元体系,试验数据标准偏差较小,精密度高。荞麦粉的水分活度会随着粒度的变小逐渐增大,但增大幅度较小。[结论]在25℃,经过2 h的水分交换平衡,测定出粒度为80、100、120目的荞麦粉的水分活度分别为0.585、0.599和0.608。     

大同市高寒冷凉区荞麦栽培技术

荞麦原产于中国北方地区。因其含丰富营养和特殊的健康成分颇受推崇,被誉为健康主食品。大同市常年种植面积3000hm2。种植历史悠久,文章从品种选择、选地、整地、播种、田间管理、防治病虫鼠害和适时收获等方面论述了大同市荞麦高产栽培技术。     

苦荞新品种‘晋荞麦2号’丰产稳产性分析及应用前景

为北方苦荞生产中提供合理利用‘晋荞麦2号’的依据,根据2006-2008年度国家苦荞品种（北方组）区域试验和2008年度国家苦荞生产试验资料,采用方差分析和新复极差测验法、高稳系数法、结合产量变异系数和适应度对品种进行丰产稳产性分析。结果表明,在2006-2008年国家苦荞品种（北方组）区域试验中和2008年国家苦荞生产试验中,‘晋荞麦2号’平均产量分别为2006.0 kg/hm2和2152.5 kg/hm2,分别比统一对照‘九江苦荞’增产13.3%和24.4%;高稳系数分别为39.80%和5.4%,均小于对照‘九江苦荞’;产量变异系数分别为41.58%和38.85%,均小于对照‘九江苦荞’;适应度分别为48.7%和100%,均高于对照‘九江苦荞’。由此得出,‘晋荞麦2号’是一个丰产稳产性高、适应性强的中熟苦荞新品种,具有较好的广适性,品质好,适宜加工各种苦荞保健产品和进行产业化开发,在中国北方苦荞种植区具有良好的应用前景。     

荞麦黄酮类化合物提取方法研究

[目的]优化提取荞麦黄酮类化合物的工艺条件。[方法]在标准液的制备及标准曲线的制作基础上,选用4个试验因素(浸提温度、提取方法、乙醇浓度及样品粒度)进行3水平正交试验优选,确定提取荞麦黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺参数。[结果]4种因素对荞麦黄酮类化合物提取效果的影响大小依次为样品粒度>乙醇浓度>提取温度>提取方法;最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度55℃、水浴、乙醇浓度80%、样品粒度为0.250～0.500 mm。[结论]该方法操作简便,是提取荞麦黄酮类化合物的有效方法。     

贵州威宁甜荞麦中总黄酮提取工艺研究

[目的]研究贵州威宁甜荞麦中总黄酮的提取工艺。[方法]以总黄酮得率为指标,采用正交试验设计,用分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。[结果]最佳提取工艺条件为：以乙醇为溶剂,固液比1∶10,提取时间2h,提取温度75℃,在该优化条件下,甜荞总黄酮得率为0.35%。[结论]该方法操作方便,所需时间短,提取溶剂用量少,便于推广和普及,是提取甜荞总黄酮的有效方法。