Association of three beta-defensin gene (AvBD4, AvBD5, AvBD14) polymorphisms with carrier-state susceptibility to salmonella in chickens

ABSTRACT

1. Chicken salmonellosis is a common zoonotic infectious disease transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Avian beta-defensins (gallinacins) play an important role in the innate defence of the host and provide broad-spectrum immunity against multiple pathogens.

2. To detect the relationship between immune genes and salmonella carrier status and susceptibility to salmonellosis in chickens, polymorphisms with carrier-state susceptibility to salmonella and, hence, developing salmonellosis, were investigated in three avian beta-defensin genes (AvBD4, AvBD5, and AvBD14) in a Chinese local chicken breed, based on a case-control study.

3. Fifteen, twenty and nineteen SNPs were found in AvBD4, AvBD5 and AvBD14, respectively. Among the 54 total SNPs, four resulted in non-synonymous substitution of amino acid changes. Five SNPs in AvBD5 and four SNPs in AvBD14 were significantly associated with salmonellosis susceptibility (P < 0.05). Using the PHASE program, thirteen, ten and twelve major haplotypes were constructed in AvBD4, AvBD5 and AvBD14. Logistic regression analysis revealed that five haplotypes in AvBD5 and six haplotypes in AvBD14 were significantly associated with salmonellosis susceptibility, but no significant haplotype in AvBD4 was detected. A total of six strongly susceptible haplotypes with odds ratio (OR) values greater than 2.0 and four strongly resistant haplotypes with OR value less than 0.5 were revealed in the three genes examined.

4. These results suggested that the AvBD5 and AvBD14 genes may play an important role in the susceptibility to salmonellosis in chickens.     

玉米开花期转录因子候选基因的关联分析

【目的】生育期相关性状是玉米育种研究的重点之一。作为重要的生育期性状,开花期（抽穗期、吐丝期和散粉期）的提前,可保证玉米充分脱水,适宜机收;也为中国黄淮海地区小麦-玉米一年两熟耕作模式下的小麦播种减轻压力。转录因子是转录水平基因表达调控的重要上游因子,对目标基因发挥转录激活或转录抑制的作用。在全基因组水平上解析转录因子对玉米开花期的调控作用,获得开花期提前且不影响产量的玉米转录因子单倍型组合,进而挖掘优异种质资源,可为培育开花期适宜的玉米育种研究提供基因资源。【方法】使用候选基因关联分析方法,对开花期相关转录因子及显著SNP进行分析;并利用DAP-seq技术捕获了关键转录因子的结合位点和下游基因;随后对转录因子调控的下游基因进行GO分析,探究转录因子通过影响其下游基因对开花期进行调控的基因网络。【结果】玉米开花期3种性状（吐丝期、散粉期、抽穗期）中,与吐丝期和抽穗期性状以及吐丝期和散粉期性状同时关联的转录因子显著SNP均为75个,与抽穗期和散粉期性状同时关联的显著SNP为128个,同时关联到3种表型的显著SNP为58个。表明开花期3种性状可能受相同的转录因子调控。选取含有3个及以上开花期相关显著SNP的转录因子基因,通过DAP-seq,捕获了这些转录因子结合的关键基序及调控的下游基因。转录因子结合的下游基因显著富集于转录因子活性、DNA结合、RNA结合、有机氮化合物的合成代谢过程、与生殖有关的发育过程等;不同的转录因子存在共同调控的下游基因,生育期相关性状关键调控性转录因子为ARF、MYB和NAC。对关键上游转录因子进行单倍型分析,发掘了玉米生育期提前,同时对产量无负向影响的转录因子最优单倍型组合。【结论】运用DAP-seq技术并结合前人研究绘制了全基因组水平上转录因子对生育期相关农艺性状的调控网络,并发掘了既提前玉米生育期又对产量无负向影响的转录因子最优单倍型组合。     

香稻Badh2基因单倍型及香气成分2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉代谢通路的研究进展

香米因其具有独特的香味,长期以来深受国际市场青睐。我国香稻种植历史悠久,香稻资源丰富,但缺乏高端优质香米品牌。当前消费者对优质香米的需求不断加大,进而加快了我国优质香稻的育种进程。稻米香味主要由编码甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因Badh2控制,该基因功能突变能够导致稻米香气成分2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2AP)的积累。随着水稻功能基因组学的发展,香稻资源中Badh2基因单倍型得以深入挖掘,2AP生物合成通路被初步解析,它们将进一步加快香稻育种的进程。综述了目前在香稻资源中发现的19种Badh2基因单倍型,重点分析不同类型单倍型的地域分布特性,比较不同单倍型之间的2AP含量;同时阐述2AP生物合成通路涉及的谷氨酸-脯氨酸代谢途径和多胺代谢途径研究现状,总结香稻籽粒中2AP的分布特征,并对目前两种籽粒2AP积累的理论机制进行比较分析,提出利用多组学手段从籽粒动态发育过程研究2AP生物合成通路变化特性的策略,以期为香稻资源基因利用和籽粒2AP特异富集香稻品种的培育提供参考。     

福建省部分马铃薯产区晚疫病菌群体结构研究

为明确福建省部分马铃薯产区晚疫病菌群体结构,2017年-2019年在龙海市、福安市、霞浦县共分离获得96株马铃薯晚疫病菌。采用对峙培养法、鉴别寄主法和PCR-RFLP法对这些菌株的交配型、生理小种及线粒体DNA (mtDNA)单倍型进行分析。交配型测定结果显示,除了福建省福安市有5株(5.21%)为A1交配型外,其余91株(94.79%)均为自育型,未发现A2交配型及A1A2型菌株。从96个菌株中检测出16个生理小种类型,龙海市和福安市的优势生理小种均是可克服11个显性抗病单基因的1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11,霞浦县的优势生理小种为1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.10。供试菌株均至少含有6个毒性基因。mtDNA单倍型共检测出3种类型,其中55个菌株(龙海市22株、福安市8株、霞浦县25株)为Ⅰa型,占57.29%,32个菌株(龙海市2株、福安市25株、霞浦县5株)为Ⅱa型,占33.33%,9个菌株(福安市7株、霞浦县2株)为Ⅱb型,占9.37%。研究结果表明,福建省马铃薯晚疫病菌群体遗传多样性日趋复杂。     

利用集群分离分析结合高密度芯片快速定位小麦成株期抗条锈病基因YrC271

由国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)培育的春小麦高代选系C271对小麦条锈病保持抗性近40年。为明确C271的抗条锈病遗传组分,利用感病品种晋麦79与C271杂交构建含有229个F2:3家系的遗传群体,并于2019年在陕西杨凌和四川江油进行成株期病害调查。运用集群分离分析(BSA)结合高密度660K芯片策略在3B染色体短臂上快速挖掘出大量的与抗病关联的SNP,利用等位基因特异的定量PCR标记(AQP)进行验证并作图,成功检测到一个效应值较大的QTL,可解释表型变异为22.7%～30.8%,暂命名为YrC271,位于标记AX-109001377和AX-111087256之间,约1.9cM,对应的物理距离1.9Mb。利用已公布的小麦基因组信息对该区间进行比较基因组分析,结果表明,与中国春基因组相比,不同材料间存在小片段的插入以及倒位现象,但总体共线性良好。同时利用1484份小麦660K分型数据对该区间进行单倍型分析,总体可分为5种区间单倍型,其中C271所在的单倍型组的抗性优于其他组。虽然C271不含有Yr30和Yr58连锁标记的阳性片段,但从相对遗传位置、条锈病抗性表现以及育种系谱看,...     

Genetic diversity of resistance genes controlling fusarium head blight with simple sequence repeat markers in thirty-six wheat accessions from east asian origin

Summary Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease of wheat worldwide that may cause substantial yield and quality losses. Breeding for FHB-resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective approach to control FHB. The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship of resistance between new resistant sources and Sumai 3 using five simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers closely linked to the major QTL for FHB resistance on chromosome arms 3BS and 6BS. All five SSR markers were highly polymorphic between Sumai 3 (and its derivatives) and susceptible Canadian wheat lines. Most of the Sumai 3-derived Chinese wheat accessions and three Canadian FHB-resistant lines had all the Sumai 3 SSR marker alleles on chromosome arms 3BS and 6BS. The Chinese landrace Wangshuibai and two Japanese accessions Nobeokabozu and Nyu Bai had the same banding patterns as Sumai 3 for all five SSR marker alleles, and another Chinese landrace Fangshanmai had three of the five SSR markers in common with Sumai 3, and therefore most likely carries the same QTL as Sumai 3 on 3BS and 6BS. The Brazilian cultivar Frontana had no alleles in common with Sumai 3 on either QTL, and the Chinese landrace Hongheshang had only one of the five SSR markers in common with Sumai 3, therefore likely carrying resistance genes different from Sumai 3. The Italian cultivar Funo is not the donor of either the 3BS QTL or 6BS QTL. All five SSR seem to be effective candidates for marker-assisted selection to increase the level of resistance to FHB in wheat breeding programs.     

Effect of VRN‐1 and PPD‐D1 genes on heading time in European bread wheat cultivars

The variation of the vernalization (VRN‐1) and photoperiod (PPD‐1) genes offers opportunities to adjust heading time and to maximize yield in crop species. The effect of these genes on heading time was studied based on a set of 245 predominantly spring cultivars of bread wheat from the main eco‐geographical regions of Europe. The genotypes were screened using previously published diagnostic molecular markers for detecting the dominant or recessive alleles of the major VRN‐1 loci such as: VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1, VRN‐D1 as well as PPD‐D1. We found that 91% of spring wheat cultivars contain the photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele. Photoperiod insensitive PPD‐D1a allele has been found mainly in southern region of Europe. For this region the monogenic control of vernalization by VRN‐B1 or VRN‐D1 dominant alleles is common, whereas in the remaining part of Europe, the combination of photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele with dominant VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1 and recessive vrn‐D1 alleles represents the most frequent genotype. Also, we revealed a significantly later (5–8 days) heading of the monogenically dominant genotypes at VRN‐B1 as compared to the digenic VRN‐A1 VRN‐B1 genotypes.     

中国牛亚科6个物种MSTN基因外显子2多态性及分化研究

采用PCR扩增了6个中国牛种共101个样本的MSTN基因外显子2的编码区,序列分析显示,MSTN基因外显子2编码区含372个碱基对,在所检测样本中,存在10个核苷酸多态位点,定义了7种单倍型,雷琼牛、蒙古牛、独龙牛与巴音郭楞牦牛享有共同的单倍型;MSNT基因外显子2在6个牛种中多态性较丰富。结果表明:两水牛与牛属群体间分化明显;牛属群体中牦牛独自聚成一类;大额牛存在一个独立分支;雷琼牛与一部分独龙牛、大部分蒙古牛和瘤牛聚成一支,说明蒙古牛、雷琼牛、独龙牛种间存在着基因交流。牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛的分化较明显,亲缘关系较远;研究证实了水牛的属分类地位,一定程度上支持牦牛及大额牛划为牛亚科中单独的一个属。     

Population Genetic Analysis of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Qinghai Province,China

To gain more precise information about molecular genetic variation for wild populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici from Qinghai Province, China, 38 single-colony isolates were purified from samples collected from Haidong District, Xining City and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 2010. The virulence of 21 isolates among them was tested at seedling stage on 34 wheat cultivars（lines） carrying known powdery mildew（Pm） resistant genes. The results showed that V1 a, V3 a, V3 c, V3 e, V5 a, V6, V7, V8 and V19 had high virulence frequencies（〉75%）, indicating a wide distribution; and V1 c, V5 b, V12, V13, V16, V21, VXBD, V2＋6, V2＋Mld and V4＋8, with less distribution, appeared to be lower in frequencies（0-20%）. The Nei＇s gene diversity（H）, Shannon＇s information index（I） and the percentage of polymorphic loci（P） were 0.23, 0.35 and 67.65%, respectively, which revealed a virulent diversity. The results from single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs） of 38 isolates showed that three housekeeping genes were found to contain a total of 9 SNP sites. 10 haplotypes（H1-H10） were inferred from the concatenated sequences, with 1 haplotype（H1） comprising of over 55% of Qinghai population. Phylogenic analysis did not show obvious geographical subdivision between the isolates. A multilocus haplotype network presented a radial structure, with H1 in the central as an inferred ancestor. Using analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA）, we found 1.63% of the total variation was among populations and 98.37% within populations, with a low fixations index（FST=0.01634, P〈0.05）. This revealed a relatively high genetic diversity but a low genetic divergence in Qinghai population. Moreover, the molecular data on gene flow（Nm=6.32） confirmed the migration of pathogen populations among areas in Qinghai Province.     

Fusarium species and chemotypes associated with fusarium head blight and fusarium root rot on wheat in Sardinia

Environmental conditions in Sardinia (Tyrrhenian Islands) are conducive to fusarium root rot (FRR) and fusarium head blight (FHB). A monitoring survey on wheat was carried out from 2001 to 2013, investigating relations among these diseases and their causal agents. FHB was more frequently encountered in the most recent years while FRR was constantly present throughout the monitored period. By assessing the population composition of the causal agents as well as their genetic chemotypes and EF‐1α polymorphisms, the study examined whether the two diseases could be differentially associated to a species or a population. Fusarium culmorum chemotypes caused both diseases and were detected at different abundances (88% 3‐ADON, 12% NIV). Fusarium graminearum (15‐ADON genetic chemotype) appeared only recently (2013) and in few areas as the causal agent of FHB. In F. culmorum, two haplotypes were identified based on an SNP mutation located 34 bp after the first exon of the EF‐1α partial sequence (60% adenine, 40% thymine); the two populations did not segregate with the chemotype but the A‐haplotype was significantly associated with FRR in the Sardinian data set (P = 0·001), suggesting a possible fitness advantage of the A‐haplotype in the establishment of FRR that was neither dependent on the sampling location nor the sampling year. The SNP determining the Sardinian haplotype is distributed worldwide. The question whether the A‐haplotype segregates with characters facilitating FRR establishment will require further validation on a specifically sampled international data set.