非平衡群体基因变异Shannon信息量的测量方法

在 Shannon信息量的基础上 ,对非平衡群体建立了群体基因型相对信息量S′( G) ,纯合体相对信息量 S′J( G)和杂合体相对信息量 S′H( G)的概念 ,并赋予遗传学意义。与基因一致度 J和基因多样度 D的理论比较表明 ,二者在数量规律上有很好的一致性 ,但又是相对独立的指标体系 ,且相对信息量还有新的内涵。 S′( G)既能表征基因变异 ,又能反映基因型水平上的遗传变异 ,S′J( G)主要反映纯合体的遗传变异 ,S′H( G)主要反映杂合体的遗传变异。各相对信息量既可反映群体的遗传变异程度 ,又能比较不同位点间的遗传变异程度     

养殖刀鲚与生长环境菌群PCR-DGGE指纹图谱及多样性分析

为了分析养殖刀鲚体内与生长环境菌群结构,利用PCR-DGGE技术,对养殖刀鲚鳃、胃、肠壁及肠内容物和养殖水体菌群结构进行了初步分析。PCR-DGGE指纹图谱分离显示,42条清晰条带,其中养殖水体(27)、鳃(9)、胃(13)、肠道壁(19)、肠道内容物(18)的香农指数分别为3.037、1.883、2.193、2.825、2.683;养殖水体与刀鲚鳃、胃、肠道壁及肠道内容物分别具有6、9、11、8共有带。UPGMA聚类分析显示,样品3个重复相似度都在95%以上,差异不明显;不同样品之间,养殖刀鲚鳃和胃聚为一支,具有较高的相似度(76%),同时与养殖水体相似度达29%;养殖刀鲚肠道壁和肠道内容物聚为一支,相似度为38%。回收测定所有显示条带,主要包含变形菌、放线菌、拟杆菌、柔膜菌、蓝藻细菌、厚壁菌、梭杆菌及少量未定义菌种。研究表明,PCR-DGGE技术能区分养殖刀鲚主要部位及水体微生物的结构差异和多样性,澄清养殖刀鲚及生长水体微生物区系,可为定植益生菌的开发提供参考。     

云杉天然群体表型性状频率分布及多样性研究

为探索云杉天然群体表型性状的频率分布特征,及其在频率水平上的表型多样性,根据性状值大小分组统计频率,绘制频率分布图,应用频率数据计算各群体的多样性指标值：表型多样度（Dp）和表型Shannon信息指数（Ip）,用多重比较与PCA主成分分析对10个群体分类。频数分布分析结果显示：云杉群体的表型性状数据基本符合正态分布;根据DP和IP对群体排序,按群体多样性从大到小依次为阿坝、卓尼、林坡、铁布、热务沟、黑水、巴西、川盘、大录、小金。多重比较与PCA主成分分析结果表明,云杉10个天然群体可分为3类,其中第1类的小金、热务沟群体的表型频率多样性较低,但性状值较大,位于云杉分布区的南部;第2类的7个群体表型频率多样性较大至中等,性状值较小至中等,位于云杉分布区的中部和北部;第3类的阿坝群体表型频率多样性最大,性状值偏小;DP和IP相关极显著（r=0.995）。     

相邻位点碱基突变的熵性质

为了在分子水平上探讨2相邻位点碱基突变的熵性质,在双参数模型下建立有限长DNA序列2相邻位点碱基突变的微分方程模型,得出了16种碱基组成的概率随世代变化的函数关系式,证明2相邻位点碱基突变具有保熵性,生物是朝着熵增方向即多样性增加的方向进化的;阐明了在单参数模型下相邻位点碱基突变的熵性质亦是如此;该结论也适用于3个相邻位点以及更多相邻位点碱基突变的情况。并利用Matlab软件进行2相邻位点碱基突变的计算机模拟,直观地验证了所得的理论结果。     

完全表型同型交配群体母子间基因型的联合分布及信息熵

【目的】研究完全表型同型交配群体母子间基因型的联合分布及其信息学性质,以丰富群体遗传学的研究方法。【方法】从随机交配下的Hardy-Weinberg平衡开始,施以完全表型同型交配的群体,利用概率统计方法推导母子间基因型联合分布的规律,利用Shannon信息熵方法研究母子间基因型联合信息熵的变化规律,并进行数学模拟。【结果】在世代交替中,母子间基因型联合信息熵逐代减少,但逐代减少的趋势越来越慢,经过一个非常漫长的过程后,母子间基因型联合信息熵趋向于固定值,最终极限情况是群体完全纯合。这是一个远离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态、趋向于非平衡定态的过程,数学模拟验证了所得结论的正确性。【结论】在完全表型同型交配下,母子间基因型联合信息熵逐代减少,使纯合体逐渐增加、杂合体逐渐减少,群体从多型共存走向纯合。     

Information entropy measures for stand structural diversity: Joint entropy

Structural diversity is the key attribute of a stand. A set of biodiversity measures in ecology was introduced in forest management for describing stand structure, of which Shannon information entropy (Shannon index) has been the most widely used measure of species diversity. It is generally thought that tree size diversity could serve as a good proxy for height diversity. However,tree size diversity and height diversity for stand structure is not completely consistent. Stand diameter cannot reflect height information completely. Either tree size diversity or height diversity is one-dimensional information entropy measure. This paper discussed the method of multiple-dimensional information entropy measure with the concept of joint entropy. It is suggested that joint entropy is a good measure for describing overall stand structural diversity.     

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C_org, N_t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G⁻ to a more G⁺, and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G⁻, G⁺/G⁻). The activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microflora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply.     

中国渤海海岸盐碱土及非盐碱土中土壤生物多样性

A plethora of information is available on the effects of salinity on plant growth and soil physico-chemical properties,but the effects on soil organisms are often neglected.Thus,a systematic investigation of how soil biodiversity,including bacteria,nematodes,mites,and earthworms,changes along saline gradients was conducted along the Bohai Sea coast at Laizhou City,Shandong Province,China,with 30 soil samples randomly selected and classified by salinity into two categories:saline and non-saline.Testing revealed a significantly higher abundance of the surveyed organisms in non-saline soils.The redundancy analysis showed that a negative correlation was observed between electrical conductivity and soil organism abundance in saline soil,but not in non-saline soil.Soil organic matter,available nitrogen,and total nitrogen all positively affected organism abundance in both saline and non-saline soils.The richness and Shannon diversity of nematodes were significantly higher in non-saline soils,but were not significantly different between soil types for other organisms.None of the environmental factors surveyed was obviously related to soil organism diversity.Consequently,our results suggested that soil electrical conductivity only negatively affected soil organisms in saline soil,while soil fertility positively affected soil organisms in both saline and non-saline soils.     

Diversity of indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum in North Carolina soils

Summary The diversity of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in agricultural fields has not been well characterized. Therefore a study was conducted to determine the serotypic diversity of B. japonicum both within and among six fields in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of North Carolina where soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are grown. Nodule samples were collected from non-inoculated standing soybean crops. Both nodules and isolates were typed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Serotypes and their proportions varied both within and among locations. Common serotypes in order of abundance across all sites were 76, M1 (multiple reaction beyween 31 and 94), 94, 24, and 122, and together accounted for over 66% of the typable reactions. No cultivar effect on serotype distribution was observed. Unknown types ranged from 4 to 24%. Based on the total number of serotypes identified and the Shannon diversity index (H), the mean population diversity was 0.76 for the Piedmont sites and 0.91 for the Coastal Plain sites.Paper no. 12315 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7643. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the products named or criticism of similar ones not mentioned     

Composition,structure and diversity characterization of dry tropical forest of Chhattisgarh using satellite data

The purpose of this study was to characterize the land use, vegetation structure, and diversity in the Barnowpara Sanctuary, Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, India through the use of satellite remote sensing and GIS. Land cover and vegetation were spatially analyzed by digitally classifying IRS 1D LISS III satellite data using a maximum likelihood algorithm. Later, the variations in structure and diversity in different forest types and classes were quantified by adopting quadratic sampling procedures. Nine land-cover types were delineated: teak forest, dense mixed forest, degraded mixed forest, Sal mixed forest, open mixed forest, young teak plantation, grasslands, agriculture, habitation, and water bodies. The classification accuracy for different land-use classes ranged from 71.23% to 100%. The highest accuracy was observed in water bodies and grassland, followed by habitation and agriculture, teak forest, degraded mixed forest, and dense mixed forest. The accuracy was lower in open mixed forest, and sal mixed forest. Results revealed that density of different forest types varied from 324 to 733 trees ha-1, basal area from 8.13 to 28.87 m2·ha-1 and number of species from 20 to 40. Similarly, the diversity ranged from 1.36 to 2.98, concentration of dominance from 0.06 to 0.49, species richness from 3.88 to 6.86, and beta diversity from 1.29 to 2.21. The sal mixed forest type recorded the highest basal area, diversity was highest in the dense mixed forest, and the teak forest recorded maximum density, which was poor in degraded mixed forests. The study also showed that Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) was strongly correlated to with the Shannon Index and species richness.