Effect of light,temperature and diet on the fatty acid profile of the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida

Sea anemones of the genus Aiptasia are used as biological models for research and as a prey for the culture of the highly priced ornamental nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae. Symbiotic Aiptasia display a remarkable trophic plasticity, being able to fulfil their energetic demands heterotrophically and autotrophically. Consequently, they display a highly variable fatty acid (FA) profile. The objective of the present study was to analyse how light regime (12 h light : 12 h dark versus 24 h darkness), water temperature (22 versus 26 °C) and diet (Artemia nauplii versus enriched Artemia metanauplii) affect the FA composition of A. pallida. The FA profile of wild specimens was also analysed. The dominant FAs of cultured A. pallida were 16:0, 18:1n‐9 and 22:6n‐3. Higher FA levels were recorded when anemones were exposed to light, with this factor explaining the largest amount of variation in the composition of FA profiles. Cultured A. pallida that best mimicked wild anemones were obtained when using a regular light regime, Artemia metanauplii and 22 °C water temperature. Higher FA levels were obtained at a higher temperature and by providing nauplii to cultured anemones. The present study also indicated that A. pallida has the potential to recycle nutrients in marine aquacultures.     

黄鳍金枪鱼眼窝油中DHA含量测定方法的优化

以黄鳍金枪鱼眼窝肉为原料,采用超临界CO2法提取跟窝油,并用响应面法对工艺条件进行优化,GC/MS外标法测定眼窝油中DHA的含量.结果表明:超临界CO2法提取眼窝油的优化工艺条件为提取时间185.7min,提取温度57.8℃,提取压力35.8 MPa,眼窝油提取率为20.2%;眼窝油中DHA的含量为19.6mg/g,相对总脂肪酸含量为27.1%.眼窝油中DHA含量较高,可用于DHA相关产品的开发.     

DHA对小鼠脂肪生成基因的时序表达影响

研究二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)对小鼠脂肪组织与肝脏中生脂基因转录表达水平变化规律的影响。用两种浓度DHA(6.25 g/kg体重和12.5 g/kg体重)灌胃小鼠,分别于0、1、2、4、8、16和24 h处死,取肝脏和脂肪组织,提取总RNA,半定量(semi-quantitative,SQ)RT-PCR方法检测生脂基因(PPARγ、SREBP-1c、FAS)的时序表达规律。结果表明:脂肪组织中DHA可上调PPARγ和FAS的转录表达,8h达到峰值,其后表达量下降,SREBP-1c表达规律与这两种基因相反;肝脏中DHA能下调PPARγ、SREBP-1c、FAS的转录表达,8h达到最低,其后表达量上升。推测DHA可通过促进脂肪组织中脂肪合成以及抑制肝脏中脂肪合成来调节体脂沉积。     

饲料中添加鱼油对肥育猪脂肪酸组成的影响

在肥育猪饲料中添加鱼油生产富含DHA(docosahexaenoic acid),EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid)的猪肉.结果表明:在肥育猪饲料中添加2.5鱼油,可以极显著提高脂肪、肌肉中的DHA,EPA含量.100 g肌肉中EPA对照组为4.7 mg,鱼油组为30.4 mg,是对照组的6.5倍;DHA对照组为13.5 mg,鱼油组为53.8 mg,是对照组的4倍,证明在饲料中添加鱼油生产富含DHA,EPA的猪肉可行.在肥育猪饲料中添加鱼油对猪生产性能、肉质均没有影响.     

杂交鲶(怀头鲶♀×鲶鱼♂)及其亲本肌肉营养成份分析

对怀头鲶♀×鲶鱼♂杂交F1代和亲本的肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪、水份、氨基酸及其脂肪酸中EPA、DHA含量进行了较全面的分析。结果表明：虽杂交鲶粗蛋白含量（17.28％）略高于亲本怀头鲶（16．78％）、鲶鱼（16．82％），但粗脂肪含量高于亲本平均含量的4．3倍。EPA、DHA含量也明显超过亲本。3种鱼肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，杂交鲶肌肉中的THR、VAL、MET、IYS、TRY及有鲜味的ASP、GLU、ALA的含量也较突出。     

Larval pigmentation, survival and growth of Penaeus indicus fed the nematode Panagrellus redivivus enriched with astaxanthin and various lipids

The highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus was successfully increased when three different lipid sources (cod-liver oil, marilla oil and capelin oil) from marine animals were used in the nematode culture medium. The lipid enrichment significantly increased the ω3 HUFA content, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), of the nematodes compared with lipid non-enriched nematodes. Penaeus indicus larvae fed the lipid-enriched nematodes had significantly ( P < 0.05) greater larval survival (69–77%) until metamorphosis than those fed non-enriched nematodes (54%).
This nematode species was also enriched with astaxanthin to determine the effects of this carotenoid on pigmentation, survival and growth during the larval development of P. indicus . The pigment, delivered via nematodes, significantly ( P < 0.05) improved larval coloration and survival (88%) compared with that of placebo-pigmented nematodes (78%). However, there was no strong evidence to show the benefit of either pigment and/or lipid enrichment on larval growth and development of P. indicus .
This study has shown that the nutritional value of the nematodes can be enhanced by the addition of fish oil into the culture medium. Supplementation of EPA and DHA, together with synthetic astaxanthin, allow the nematodes to be used as a sole diet for the larval culture of P. indicus .     

Relationship between dietary phospholipid classes and neutral lipid absorption in newly-weaned turbot, shape Scophthalmus maximus

A 28-day feeding trial was conducted for comparing the effect of different dietary phospholipid (PL) classes on the growth of post-larval turbot and on the incorporation of dietary neutral lipid fatty acids into their body lipids. Prior to the experiment the turbot were weaned for one week on a PL-free diet. The nine experimental diets were isolipidic and contained an equal amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids in the form of ethyl esters. They differed by their PL content (0, 1 or 2%) and by the PL class composition of the added soybean PL fractions.Compared to the PL-free diet, diets enriched with phosphatidylcholine (PC) resulted in a better growth, a higher triglyceride content (% body dry matter) and increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (% total fatty acids) in each of the examined body lipid classes (neutral lipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol). The effects of the other soybean PL fractions were less explicit than those noted for soybean PC.The results support the idea that dietary PC plays a role in the intestinal absorption of neutral lipid fatty acids. This might, at least partially, explain the superiority of PC for enhancing growth. Abbreviations: DHA – docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); EPA – eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); HUFA – highly unsaturated fatty acid; PA – phosphatidic acid; PC – phosphatidylcholine; PE – phosphatidylethanolamine; PI – phosphatidylinositol; PL – phospholipid; PS – phosphatidylserine; PUFA – polyunsaturated fatty acid.     

Effects of long-term 2,4-D application on microbial populations and biochemical processes in cultivated soil

Summary The effects of 15 years of field applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetate (2,4-D) on soil microbial population and biochemical processes were studied in a field cropped with maize followed by potatoes. Amine or ester formulations at the rate of 0.95 kg 2,4-D per hectare applied in May and October every year. Fungal, bacterial, and actinomycete populations, and microbial biomass C and N were reduced by the 2,4-D treatment, the reduction being more marked where the ester was used. N mineralization, nitrification, and potentially mineralizable N were reduced by the 2,4-D ester only, while urease activity was depressed by both formulations. Dehydrogenase activity and soil microbial respiration tended to be temporarily increased by the amine, but were reduced substantially by the ester, indicating that the ester probably interfered with nutrient cycling.     

尿素包接法预浓缩鱼油生理活性组分的研究

为了提高鱼油中生理活性组分ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的含量，以鱼油乙酯为原料，将其与饱和的尿素－乙醇溶液进行包合作用，而使鱼油中的饱和脂肪酸成结晶析出，以达到预浓缩的目的。随着尿素与鱼油乙酯摩尔比的增加，或结晶温度的降低，容易获得ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ含量在７０％以上的制品。