运城盆地不同播期小麦干热风发生风险评价

为明确当前气候情境下不同类型小麦在不同播期干热风的发生风险,以半冬性偏冬性品种济麦22、半冬性偏春性品种周麦18以及弱春性品种西农529为材料,通过3年的试验,研究小麦的物候期和产量及其构成因素的变化。分析2年的籽粒灌浆规律,并结合近30年本地区干热风发生分布,讨论不同播期籽粒灌浆95%时的干热风发生概率。结果表明,推迟播期,小麦冬前分蘖减少,但春季分蘖增多,适度增加播量可以保证群体成穗数;籽粒灌浆时长缩短、灌浆速率加快,播期在一定范围内干热风发生概率没有明显提升。济麦22在380℃~680℃、周麦18和西农529在250℃~680℃冬前积温范围播种,干热风发生风险保持一致,继续降低冬前积温,干热风发生风险明显增加。本试验条件下,适度推迟播期,降低冬前积温,增加播量,灌浆速率增加,干热风发生风险没有显著变化,同时不同类型小麦产量稳定。在当前气候条件下,小麦最适冬前积温可由先前的约600℃降低到当前的约380℃,冬前分蘖2~4个,是小麦稳产的有效途径。     

秋冬茬浅液流水培芹菜高效栽培技术

为解决由于长期种植,温室内病虫害严重的问题,探索了密云区芹菜无土栽培技术,主要包括栽培架、设备系统等配的配置及管理,合适的种植模式、高产优质品种的选择,以及良好的水肥管理、优化的病虫害防治等措施的应用,实现了营养液利用率95%以上,节肥率达到30%,产量提高15%以上,产品价格也比普通栽培高,品质好,同比增收10%以上,且符合密云区农业绿色、高效发展的要求。     

Silicon,biological seed treatment and cutting reduce the intensity of leaf spot diseases affecting Lolium multiflorum

Italian ryegrass is a major pasture crop cultivated mainly for feeding cattle in southern Brazil. The choice of crop is based on nutritional quality and the shortage of pastures that occur during the winter in the southernmost part of Brazil. In this region, the production of biomass and seeds are threatened by diseases, in particular fungal diseases that affect the foliage. In this study we identified and monitored the natural occurrence of a complex of leaf spotting diseases and evaluated the effects of combined management practices to reduce the intensity of foliar diseases: seed treatment with Trichoderma atroviride, soil amendment with silicon and cutting frequency (none, one or two cuts). Three diseases were present in a two-season experiment: grey leaf spot (Pyricularia oryzae), brown leaf spot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) and parrot's eye leaf spot (Cercospora sp.). Grey leaf spot had the highest severity, regardless of treatment, during the first season, and was the only disease present in the following season. Grey leaf spot dominated, and plants receiving only one cut were more prone to P. oryzae infection. The treatments with silicon or T. atroviride reduced the relative disease by 40% to 80%, in relation to untreated and uncut regimes. This study showed the main leaf spot diseases associated with L. multiflorum. Moreover, it demonstrates for the first time in the region the effectiveness of reducing leaf spot via the application of silicon in the soil, inoculation of seeds with T. atroviride and managing the cutting regime.     

成都平原不同秸秆还田量对土壤水分及机播油菜生长的影响

研究成都平原不同秸秆还田量对土壤水分、机播油菜出苗及其生长的影响。采用大田试验,以"川油36"为供试品种,设置水稻秸秆不还田、半量还田和全量还田3个处理,分析比较不同秸秆还田量条件下土壤含水率、机播油菜出苗率、机播油菜农艺性状及产量。结果表明,与秸秆不还田相比,油菜全生育期内,0~10 cm耕层土壤含水率增加0.70%~4.15%,10~20 cm耕层土壤含水率增加0.13%~3.04%。机播油菜出苗率及出苗均匀度均降低,且随秸秆还田量的增加而逐渐降低;秸秆还田能显著提高植株有效分枝总数和有效角果总数,全量还田条件下,有效分枝总数分别较对照和半量还田显著增加19.45%和9.12%,有效角果总数分别较对照和半量还田显著增加36.74%和18.08%。秸秆半量和全量还田条件下油菜产量分别较不还田增产10.70%和6.13%,油菜籽含油率随还田量的增加而增加,半量还田条件下产油量分别较对照和全量还田高13.92%和1.12%。成都平原机播油菜前茬水稻秸秆还田条件下以半量还田为宜。     

氮肥用量对稻田迟直播油菜产量、效益及氮素吸收和利用的影响

以"赣油杂5号"为试验材料,通过大田试验研究氮肥用量对江西双季稻区迟直播油菜产量、效益、花后干物质转移及氮肥吸收和利用的影响。结果表明:与对照(不施氮)相比,施氮显著提高了油菜产量和效益,增产幅度在49.65%~66.75%,效益增幅达50%以上,但当施氮量高于180 kg/hm2,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著,经济效益、干物质转移效率和转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率则明显降低;N150处理与N90和N120处理间氮肥农学利用率(ANUE)差异均未达到显著水平,N150与N180、N210和N240处理间氮肥农学利用率(ANUE)差异达到显著水平,且显著高于N180、N210和N240处理。因此,为达到同步实现油菜高产和氮肥高效利用,较好地协调油菜高效生产与氮肥合理利用的统一,江西双季稻区迟直播油菜生产适宜施氮量为150~180 kg/hm2。     

洱海流域不同有机肥替代对土壤理化性质及油菜产量的影响

为探究洱海流域油菜种植合理的施肥方式,研究不同有机肥替代对土壤理化性质及油菜产量的影响,在云南大理农田生态系统国家野外观测研究站进行油菜田间试验。田间试验设置不施肥（CK）;常规化肥施用（CF）;以CF氮素折纯计算,设30%固体、液体有机肥替代（T1、T4）;70%固体、液体有机肥替代（T2、T5）;100%固体、液体有机肥替代（T3、T6）,共8个处理。结果表明：与试验前土壤相比,除CF和T6处理土壤全氮含量提升2.66%和6.57%外,各施肥处理土壤全氮和全磷含量有下降趋势,T1、T2、T3土壤全磷含量与有机肥配施比例增加呈正相关,而T4、T5、T6呈负相关,施用液体有机肥使土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷含量在短时间内大幅提高;除T4处理外,有机肥的施用对土壤有机质含量均有提升作用,其中T5处理效果最好,提升了28.66%;T1、T2、T4处理均导致土壤容重较试验前土壤上升,上升幅度分别为15.84%、16.83%、17.82%;液体有机肥替代处理均导致土壤pH值较试验前土壤有所下降,单施液体有机肥下降幅度最大,降低5.17%;与CF处理相比,随着有机肥替代比例增加,油菜株高、角果长度、单株角果数、千粒质量、油菜产量均呈下降趋势,T1~T6处理油菜产量减少18.06%~76.65%,30%有机肥替代（T1、T4）与CF处理差异较小。综合考虑不同施肥处理对环境和油菜产量的影响,30%固体有机肥替代（T1）是较优的施肥方式。     

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain. Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required. To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI) for winter wheat production, field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015. Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI), micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1) and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2) increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%. Regardless of the rainfall pattern, MSI(i.e., MSI1 or MSI2) either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield, while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%, compared to TFI. Applying the same volumes of irrigation water, MSI(i.e., MSI3, micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water) increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared to TFI. Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time, it reduced soil layer compaction, and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer, which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period. In conclusion, MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40% compared to TFI, and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.     

Physiological response of flag leaf and yield formation of winter wheat under different spring restrictive irrigation regimes in the Haihe Plain,China

In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the Haihe Plain, China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation, field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring, including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods(control(CK), the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage) and a series of single, restrictive irrigation regimes(SRI) comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage(3 LI), 4 LI, 5 LI, and 6 LI. There are five major findings:(1) The senescence(determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4 LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK, showed no significant difference with that in 5 LI and 6 LI, and occurred significantly later than that in 3 LI.(2) Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4 LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively. Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3 LI and 6 LI; however, drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4 LI and 5 LI.(3) Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities in the early stage of grain filling; however, these activities would subsequently decrease. Among the four SRI treatments, the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4 LI, and the combined malondialdehyde(MDA) content in flag leaves in 4 LI and 5 LI was 14.5% lower on average than that in 3 LI and 6 LI.(4) The soluble sugar(SS) and proline(Pro) contents in 4 LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments; however, they were lower than those in CK. The abscisic acid(ABA) hormone content in 4 LI and 5 LI was lower than that in 3 LI and 6 LI, respectively, suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4 LI and 5 LI.(5) In two growing seasons, there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4 LI(i.e., 13.4% higher than that in 5 LI and 6 LI) and the 1 000-grain weight in 4 LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments(i.e., 6.0% higher than that in the other three SRI treatments). Therefore, a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.