不同水氮供应对小南瓜根系生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响

【目的】针对西北半干旱区温室蔬菜灌水施氮不合理等问题,通过不同灌水施氮水平处理,探讨作物根系生长与分布、产量和水氮高效利用与水氮供应的关系,揭示根系生长分布对灌水施氮模式的响应机制,为提高蔬菜作物产量和水氮利用效率提供科学依据。【方法】采用不同施氮灌水处理的田间试验,以“金童”小南瓜为供试作物,设置3个总灌水量水平：常规灌水（高水W3、1 500 m3•hm-2）、常规灌水减27%（中水W2、1 100 m3•hm-2）、常规灌水减54%（低水W1、700 m3•hm-2）和3个施氮量水平：常规施氮（高氮N3,350 kg•hm-2）、常规施氮减28.5%（中氮N2,250 kg•hm-2）、常规施氮减57%（低氮N1,150 kg•hm-2）,试验采用完全随机区组设计,共9个处理,研究膜下滴灌不同水氮供应对温室小南瓜根系生长分布、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】小南瓜90%根系主要集中在0-40 cm土层,且随土层深度的增加,根系密度呈指数下降;当灌水量相同时,低水（W1）和中水（W2）处理根系长度、产量、水分利用效率（WUE）均随施氮量的增加先增加后减少,而高水（W3）处理根系长度随施氮量的增加而增加,不同施氮量处理小南瓜产量差异不显著;与高氮（N3）处理相比,低氮（N1）和中氮（N2）处理小南瓜根系长度、产量随灌水量增加而增加,当灌水量超过1 100 m3•hm-2时,小南瓜根系长度和产量均有所下降;随着灌水量增多,水分利用效率亦显著下降,低水中氮（W1N2）处理水分利用效率最高,为35.59 kg•m-3;灌水量较高（W2和W3）时,氮素利用率（NUE）均随施氮量增加而显著降低,灌水量较低（W1）时,低氮和中氮处理氮素利用率显著高于高氮处理;灌水和施氮对小南瓜总根长作用表现为：氮素作用＞水分作用＞水氮交互作用;细根（直径小于2 mm根系）根长随灌水量和施氮量增加呈抛物线型变化;小南瓜产量与细根根长和根表面积之间均有显著的线性关系。【结论】灌水和施氮过高或过低均可以导致小南瓜产量、水氮利用效率以及根系各项特征参数显著降低,中水中氮（W2N2）处理小南瓜产量和根系各项特征参数均达到最大值;不同水氮处理主要通过对细根根长的影响进而影响小南瓜的产量。综合考虑产量、水氮利用效率以及根系生长分布,灌水量为1 100 m3•hm-2、施氮量为250 kg•hm-2为小南瓜较优的灌水施氮组合。     

半干旱区补灌及施氮对全膜双垄沟播玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

采用田间试验的方法研究补灌及施氮对全膜双垄沟播玉米干物质积累及产量的影响.结果表明,在不同施肥方式下,玉米各生育期全株、秸秆干物质积累均呈现出“S”型曲线变化规律.玉米全株干物质量均随生育期的延长而增加.相同P、K肥条件下,增施N肥可增加玉米秸秆干物质量;补灌(50 mm)条件下,相同施肥处理玉米产量和N肥农学效率分别比无灌溉增加4％～21％、1.8％～20％;补灌条件下,N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为225、120、60 kg/hm2时(Wl N4处理),玉米产量最高,可达到10 971 kg/hm2,明显高于其他处理.表明玉米在全膜双垄沟播栽培技术条件下,平衡施肥和补灌可显著增加玉米籽粒产量.     

Yield and Quality Response of Cucumber to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Solar Greenhouse

The aims of this research were to compare subsurface drip irrigation scheduling and nitrogen fertilization rates in cucumber, and evaluate yield and quality of cucumber fruit, water (WUE), irrigation water (IWUE), and nitrogen use (NUE) efficiencies in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the 20 cm diameter pan (Ep) placed over the crop canopy, and cucumber plant was subjected to three irrigation water levels (I1, 0.6 Ep; I2, 0.8 Ep; and I3, 1.0 Ep) in interaction with three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1,300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1). The results showed that the cucumber fruit yield increased with the improvement of irrigation water. Irrigation water increased yields by increasing the mean weight of the fruits, and also by increasing fruit number. But the highest values of IWUE and WUE were obtained from 12 treatment. NUE significantly decreased with the improvement of N application, but increased by irrigating more water. The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization. In conclusion, the optimum irrigation level and nitrogen fertilizer application level for cucunber under subsurface drip irrigation in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China were 0.8 Ep and 450 and 600 kg ha-1, respectively.     

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain. Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required. To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI) for winter wheat production, field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015. Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI), micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1) and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2) increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%. Regardless of the rainfall pattern, MSI(i.e., MSI1 or MSI2) either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield, while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%, compared to TFI. Applying the same volumes of irrigation water, MSI(i.e., MSI3, micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water) increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared to TFI. Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time, it reduced soil layer compaction, and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer, which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period. In conclusion, MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40% compared to TFI, and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.     

Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha^–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha^–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha^–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.     

Yield and water use responses of winter wheat to irrigation and nitrogen application in the North China Plain

With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain(NCP). A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels(W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation) and four N fertilizer rates(N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha~(-1); N2, 200 kg N ha~(-1); N3, 300 kg N ha~(-1)) on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice(W3 N3), the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha~(–1) is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.     

咸水滴灌条件下棉花生长和氮素吸收对水氮的响应

[目的]研究咸水滴灌条件下棉花生长和氮素吸收对水氮的响应.[方法]试验设置了3种灌溉水盐度0.35(S1)、4.61(S2)和8.04(S3)dS/m,2个灌水量405(L1)和540(L2)mm以及2个施氮量240(N1)和360(N2) kg/hm2.[结果]棉花的株高在生长前期主要受灌溉水盐度、灌水量及二者的交互作用和盐度、灌水量和施氮量三者的交互作用影响显著,生长后期主要受灌水量的影响显著.高灌水量L2(540 mm)各处理株高为S2＞S1＞S3,施氮量对株高的生长差异影响不显著.棉花茎和叶的干物质积累量受灌溉水盐度、灌水量和施氮量其中二者的交互作用影响显著,而棉铃和总的干物质积累量受交互作用不显著.[结论]棉花的氮素吸收量受灌溉水盐度、灌水量和施氮量三因素及其两者或三者的影响显著;随着灌溉水盐度的增加,棉花的氮素吸收量呈下降的趋势;而氮素吸收量随着灌水量的增大显著增加,表明增加灌水量可促进氮素吸收.     

Optimization of water and nitrogen management for surge-root irrigated apple trees in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is one of the main regions for growing apple trees in China, but a shortage of water resources and low utilization of nitrogen have restricted its agricultural development. A 2-year field experiment was conducted which included three levels of soil water content(SWC), 90–75%, 75–60%, and 60–45% of field capacity, and five levels of nitrogen application(N_(app)), 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3 kg/plant. The treatments were arranged in a strip-plot design with complete randomized blocks with three replications. For both years, the water and N_(app) had significant(P0.05) effects on leaf area index(LAI), yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity(NPFP) while the interaction effect of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP was significant(P0.05) in 2018, and not in 2017. For the same SWC level, WUE first increased, then decreased as N_(app) increased, while NPFP tended to decrease, but the trend of LAI with different N_(app) was closely related to SWC. At the same N_(app), the LAI increased as SWC increased, while the WUE and NPFP first increased, then decreased, but the yield showed different trends as the SWC increased. The dualistic and quadric regression equations of water and N_(app) indicate that the yield, WUE and NPFP cannot reach the maximum at the same time. Considering the coupling effects of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP in 2017 and 2018, the SWC level shall be controlled in 75–60% of field capacity and the N_(app) is 0.45 kg/plant, which can be as the suitable strategy of water and N_(app) management for the maximum comprehensive benefits of yield, WUE and NPFP for apple trees in the Loess Plateau and other regions with similar environments.     

基于APSIM 模型的宁夏半干旱区苜蓿 灌溉模拟验证和应用

基于宁夏4 个试验点的试验数据和同期气象资料,对APSIM 模型进行了充分地校准和验证。结果表明, APSIM 模型达到了较高的精度,各验证项模拟值和实测值均表现出良好的相关性,决定系数R2在0.6~1.0 之间,D 值 在0.78~0.99 之间。在此基础上,利用APSIM 模型模拟了不同灌溉情况下不同灌溉量对苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的 干草产量尧蒸发蒸腾量和水分利用效率的影响。认为灌溉是宁夏半干旱地区苜蓿增产的重要因素。200 mm 的灌溉 量是苜蓿干草产量由增加到减少的转折点。苜蓿不同生育阶段对水分的敏感度不同。分枝期和现蕾期最大灌水量 为50 mm,超过50 mm 会引起产量降低。蒸发蒸腾量（ET）与灌水量呈线性显著相关,决定系数R2达到0.826,P< 0.01。苜蓿水分利用效率与灌溉量不成正比,当灌溉量增加到100 mm 时,水分利用效率达到最大尧为54.2 kg/hm2窑 mm,随后逐渐降低。较大的灌溉量不利于苜蓿水分利用效率的提高。     

Improving water use efficiency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain: a review

Reducing irrigation water use by improving water use efficiency (WUE) in grain production is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This article summarizes the research progresses in WUE improvement carried out at the Luancheng station located in the Northern part of NCP for the past three decades. Progresses in four aspects of yield and WUE improvement are presented, including yield and WUE improvement associated with cultivar selection, irrigation management for improving yield and WUE under limited water supply, managing root system for efficient soil water use and reducing soil evaporation by straw mulch. The results showed that annual average increase of 0.014 kg·m^-3 for winter wheat and 0.02 kg·m^-3 in WUE were observed for the past three decades, and this increase was largely associated with the improvement in harvest index related to cultivar renewal and an increase in chemical fertilizer use and soil fertility. The results also indicated that deficit irrigation for winter wheat could significantly reduce the irrigation water use, whereas the seasonal yield showed a smaller reduction rate and WUE was significantly improved. Straw mulching of summer maize using the straw from winter wheat could reduce seasonal soil evaporation by 30–40 mm. With new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use. Future strategies to further improve WUE are also discussed.     

不同管理模式下农田水氮利用效率及其环境效应

 【目的】定量化不同水氮管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和环境效应,为制定优化的水肥管理措施提供理论指导。【方法】在华北平原北部的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,设置了农民习惯和基于土壤水分养分实时监测的优化管理两种水氮管理模式。首先,应用田间系统的观测数据（2004年10月至2006年9月）对水氮管理模型进行了校验,然后应用校验后的模型计算得到了两种水氮管理模式下的作物产量、农田水分渗漏、氮素淋失、气体损失和水氮利用效率等。【结果】2年内农民习惯和优化管理下的灌水量差别不大,而优化管理的施肥量（540 kg N·hm-2）仅为农民习惯施肥量（1 100 kg N·hm-2）的一半。农民习惯和优化管理模式下的作物年平均产量分别为11 579和11 748 kg·hm-2;两者的水分利用效率分别为1.65和1.72 kg·m-3;氮素利用效率分别为15和24 kg·kg-1 N。氮素淋失和氨挥发是氮素损失的主要途径,农民习惯和优化管理下的氮素淋失分别为407和68 kg N·hm-2;氨挥发分别达到了282和104 kg N·hm-2。【结论】优化管理下的作物产量和水氮利用效率都高于农民习惯管理的,并且氮素损失明显低于农民习惯管理。因此,为了保证该地区的农业可持续发展,必须改进当前农民习惯的水氮管理措施。     

A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.     

西北内陆旱区不同沟灌水肥对甜瓜水分利用效率和品质的影响

 【目的】甜瓜是西北内陆旱区的一种主要经济作物,探讨不同沟灌水肥对甜瓜水分利用效率(WUE)和品质的影响,提出适合该地区的甜瓜水肥高效利用技术模式。【方法】于2008和2009年在甘肃武威中国农业大学石羊河流域农业与生态节水试验站开展了连续两年的田间试验,在膨果期分别设置了3个灌水下限水平：65%—70%、55%—60%、45%—50%的田间持水量(FC);施肥量设置为：160、120、80 kgN?hm-2和无肥对照处理;灌溉方式为常规沟灌和隔沟灌。【结果】膨果期适度水分亏缺有利于提高甜瓜的水分利用效率,并在一定程度上改善其品质;相同施肥量条件下,灌水量下限为55%—60% FC处理其WUE、总可溶性固形物(TSS)和Vc含量普遍高于灌水量下限为65%—70% FC处理的结果;相同水分条件下,施肥量为120 kgN?hm-2处理其产量、WUE、TSS和Vc含量均高于施肥量为160 kgN?hm-2和施肥量为80 kgN?hm-2处理的结果。隔沟灌处理的WUE比常规沟灌高4.5%—10.6%。【结论】适合于该地区的甜瓜水肥组合模式为膨果期灌水下限为55%—60%FC和全生育期施氮量为120 kgN?hm-2。     

水氮供应对滴灌施肥条件下黄瓜生长及水分利用的影响

【目的】针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水施肥不合理等问题,通过研究不同水氮供应对温室黄瓜生长、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率的影响,以期科学地对水肥进行调控,为实际生产提供参考依据。【方法】利用温室小区试验,以‘博耐9-1’黄瓜为试材,设置3个灌水水平：低水W₁（60%ET₀）、中水W₂（80% ET₀）和高水W₃（100% ET₀）,全生育期灌水量分别为126、152和177 mm;4个施氮水平：无氮N₀（0）、低氮N₁（180 kg·hm^-2）、中氮N₂（360 kg·hm^-2）和高氮N₃（540 kg·hm^-2）,共12个处理。在生育期内对黄瓜的各生长指标进行观测,并统计产量及产量构成因素。【结果】除茎粗外,灌水量与施氮量对黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、干物质量、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率（irrigation water use efficiency,IWUE）及水分利用效率（Water use efficiency,WUE）都有显著影响。灌水量与黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、瓜条数、单果重及产量有显著正相关作用,而施氮量对黄瓜生长及产量的影响则因施氮量的不同表现出不同变化趋势。其株高、叶面积指数随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低,并在N₂处理中获得最大值。干物质量变化趋势略有不同,表现为在W₁水平下,干物质量在N₂处理中获得最大值,而在N₃水平下略有下降,且N₂与N₃之间差异不显著,其余灌水水平下则随着施氮量的增加表现为不同程度的增加。黄瓜产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加到N₂水平时,继续增加施氮量,其增产效果在不同灌水水平下表现为不同趋势,即在W₁、W₂水平下,施氮量增加至N₂水平后继续增加时,产量之间无显著性差异;而在W₃处理下,N₃比N₂水平增产8.4%,差异显著。灌水量对IWUE有显著负相关作用,在W₁水平下获得最大值,为41.33 kg·m^-2,而灌水量对WUE的影响则表现为先增加后减少的趋势,在W₂水平下获得最大值,为55.82 kg·m^-2。施氮量对IWUE表现为正相关作用,而对于WUE则因施氮量不同表现出不同的变化趋势,在W₁和W₂水平下,WUE随施氮量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在N₂水平获得最大值,分别为52.34 kg·m^-2、55.82 kg·m^-2;W₃水平下,WUE则随施氮量的增加显著增加。其中,在W₃N₃处理下获得最大产量,但其水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率明显低于W₂水平,且W₂N₂相比于W₃N₃灌水量减少16.7%,施氮量减少33%,而产量仅减少11.3%,且IWUE提高6.5%,WUE提高11.1%。通过产量与生长指标（株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质量）间的通径分析可知,干物质量和叶面积指数对黄瓜产量的增加具有重要作用,可分别作为黄瓜高产的第一指标和第二指标。【结论】合理的减少灌水量与施氮量不仅能维持黄瓜较好的生长特性,而且能获得较大的经济效益。综合产量与节水节肥因素,W₂N₂处理（80% ET₀,360 kg N·hm^-2）可作为较适宜的水氮组合。     

滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响

【目的】水肥是限制作物增产的两大因子,不合理的灌溉与施氮不仅难于增加产量,还会增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积、降低作物品质及水氮利用效率。针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水和施肥存在的问题,通过滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量品质和水氮利用的影响,研究滴灌施肥条件下温室番茄高产优质高效的灌水施肥制度。【方法】通过温室番茄小区试验,设常规沟灌施肥（100%ET₀,N240-P₂O₅120-K₂O150 kg·hm^-2）以及3个滴灌水量（高水W₁：100%ET₀、中水W₂：75%ET₀、低水W₃：50%ET₀）和3个施肥水平（高肥F₁：N240-P₂O₅120-K₂O150 kg·hm^-2、中肥F₂：N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2、低肥F₃：N120-P₂O₅60-K₂O75 kg·hm^-2）,共10个处理,分析番茄生长产量、品质、土壤硝态氮分布以及水氮吸收利用对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应规律。【结果】与常规沟灌施肥相比,滴灌施肥增加番茄产量31.04 t·hm^-2、干物质量3 208 kg·hm^-2和总氮吸收量73.13 kg·hm^-2,增幅分别为46.9%、54.0%和82.4%,同时增加果实中维生素C（Vc）含量61.8%;降低土壤中硝态氮含量;水分利用效率（WUE）和氮肥利用率（NUE）分别增加46.4%和76.5%。滴灌施肥条件下,W₁F₂处理总干物质量最大（9 248 kg·hm^-2）,产量和植株氮素吸收量均与灌水量和施肥量正相关,增加施肥量带来的增产效应大于灌水,且W₁F₂处理产量和氮素吸收量增加幅度最大。增加灌水量,降低施肥量,WUE逐渐下降,NUE逐渐上升,W₃F₁处理WUE最大（47.7 kg·m^-3）,W₁F₃处理NUE最大（65.6%）,且W₃F₂处理的WUE和W₁F₂处理的NUE增加幅度明显大于其他处理。土壤中硝态氮含量受灌水、施肥以及水肥交互效应影响显著,随灌水量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,随施肥量的增加逐渐增大,在滴头正下方没有明显累积,在湿润土体的横向边缘产生累积,W₁F₂处理土壤中硝态氮含量较小,分布更均匀。增大灌水量显著降低番茄Vc、番茄红素和可溶性糖含量以及营养累积量;增大施肥量,品质含量以及营养累积量呈先增大后降低的趋势;W₃F₂处理获得最大的Vc和番茄红素含量及营养累积量,最大的可溶性糖含量及较大的营养累积量。【结论】温室番茄滴灌施肥技术能够达到高产优质和高效的目的,当追求产量和氮肥利用率时,高水中肥（W₁F₂：100%ET₀,N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2）处理能获得较高的产量和NUE以及较低的土壤硝态氮含量;当追求品质和水分利用效率时,低水中肥（W₃F₂：50%ET₀,N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2）处理获得最大的维生素C、可溶性糖和番茄红素含量以及较高的水分利用效率。     

测墒微喷补灌对小麦花后旗叶生理特性及产量的影响

为探明测墒微喷补灌对小麦产量形成的影响,以济麦22为试验材料,设置雨养（RI）、传统漫灌（FI）和微喷灌（MI）3种模式,其中RI为小麦全生育期不灌溉,FI为拔节期漫灌60 mm,MI为拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期依据0 ~ 40 cm土层土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌,补灌至土壤田间持水量的75%,研究其对小麦花后旗叶生理特性、干物质积累特征和产量的影响。结果表明：（1）小麦灌浆期旗叶表现为MI叶绿素含量显著高于FI和RI,RI最低;MI维持旗叶花后较高的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,FI保护酶活性次之,RI最低,且MI旗叶灌浆期丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于FI和RI。（2）MI和FI成熟期总干物质积累量无显著差异,二者显著高于RI,但MI显著提高了花后干物质积累对产量的贡献率;成熟期茎鞘干物质积累量表现为FI显著高于MI,RI最低,叶片、穗轴+颖壳和籽粒中均表现为MI显著高于FI,RI最低。（3）和RI相比,MI和FI增产幅度分别为21.7%和14.2%,RI产量显著降低是由于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的显著下降,而MI较FI显著提高产量是由于穗粒数和粒重的增加。总之,测墒微喷补灌能显著延缓花后旗叶衰老进程,增强旗叶抗逆能力,促进干物质积累,实现淮北地区小麦的高产生产。     

水氮耦合对棉花幼苗根冠生长和水分利用效率的影响

为明确节水灌溉条件下配施氮肥提高水分利用效率(WUE)的可行性,采用分根交替灌溉(APRI)和常规供水(NI)的方式分别培养棉花幼苗,同时配施不同水平氮素(高氮200 kg/hm~2、中氮120 kg/hm~2、低氮80 kg/hm~2),研究了干旱胁迫后棉花幼苗生长、光合作用、根系形态、根冠生物量、瞬时和生物量水分利用效率(WUEi和WUEb)等的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低了棉花幼苗的株高、叶面积、光合作用参数[净光合作用速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)]、蒸腾耗水量和根冠生物量,但显著增加了棉花幼苗的根冠比、根系长度(总根长和直径2 mm的细根长度)和根系表面积;同时干旱处理也显著增大了WUEi和WUEb。与正常施氮(中氮处理)相比,增施氮肥促进了棉花幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、Pn、Tr、Gs、蒸腾耗水量以及根冠生物量、总根长、根系表面积等的增大,显著降低了WUEi但未改变NI处理的WUEb;减施氮肥则加大了干旱对棉花幼苗生长、光合作用能力和根冠生物量积累的抑制程度,但在干旱条件下提高了WUEi和WUEb。与NI处理相比,APRI处理的棉花幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、Pn、Tr、Gs、根冠生物量、总根长和根系表面积增加,蒸腾耗水量减少,WUEi和WUEb增加。综上,APRI配施氮肥处理可以减轻干旱对棉花幼苗生长和根系形态的抑制程度,并提高WUE;虽然在干旱条件下APRI配施低氮处理具有最大的WUE,但APRI配施高氮处理棉花幼苗的根冠生长最好。     

不同基因型高粱的氮效率及对低氮胁迫的生理响应

【目的】探讨不同基因型高粱氮素吸收效率和利用效率及其差异机制,研究低氮胁迫对不同基因型高粱叶片无机氮含量和氮同化酶活性的影响,为耐低氮型高粱品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选取2个低氮敏感型高粱(冀蚜2号和TX7000B)和2个耐低氮型高粱(SX44B和TX378)为试验材料,设置高氮(0.24g·kg-1风干土)和低氮(0.04 g·kg-1风干土)2个处理,分别在挑旗期和灌浆期测定高粱叶片NO3--N、NO2--N及NH4+-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(Ni R)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,分析不同基因型高粱在2个氮处理下的氮效率相关指标及其差异。【结果】(1)不同基因型高粱籽粒产量对低氮的响应不同,低氮处理显著降低了冀蚜2号和TX7000B的籽粒产量,与高氮处理比较分别降低13.87%和19.25%,但没有降低SX44B和TX378的籽粒产量。(2)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理的相对籽粒氮累积量、相对植株氮累积量和相对氮收获指数不能表征各基因型高粱是否具有耐低氮特性;但相对低氮敏感型高粱,耐低氮型高粱在低氮处理下有着较高的相对氮肥偏生产力和相对氮素利用效率。低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮肥偏生产力是高氮处理的6.19和7.49倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为5.17和4.85倍;低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮素利用效率是高氮处理的1.84和1.85倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为1.67和1.35倍。(3)通径分析表明,高氮处理下,植株氮累积量和氮素利用效率对籽粒产量贡献相同;而在低氮处理下,氮素利用效率对籽粒产量关联作用更大。(4)高粱的叶片无机氮含量不能表征高粱是否具有耐低氮特性,灌浆期叶片无机氮含量较挑旗期显著降低。(5)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理时冀蚜2号和TX7000B叶片中NR、GS和GOGAT活性显著降低,SX44B酶活性变化不显著,而TX378叶片中GS活性增加。【结论】耐低氮型高粱在低氮胁迫时有着较高的相对籽粒产量和相对氮素利用效率。低氮胁迫时叶片较高的氮同化酶活性是高粱耐低氮的生理基础。发掘和利用低氮条件下具有较高的叶片氮同化酶活性和氮素利用效率的高粱种质资源,有助于提高耐低氮高粱品种的培育效率。     

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与减氮优化根系分布提高冬小麦产量及水氮利用效率

【目的】冬春干旱频发和氮的过度施用限制了西南丘陵旱地雨养农业区小麦的产量与可持续发展,探讨秋闲期秸秆覆盖与氮肥减施对旱地小麦根系分布、产量及水氮吸收利用的影响,为优化四川旱地小麦耕作制度和绿色高质高效生产提供依据。【方法】试验于2016–2018年在四川省仁寿县四川农业大学试验基地进行,采用裂区设计,在夏玉米收获后,以秋闲期秸秆粉碎覆盖（SM）和不覆盖（NM）为主区,以不施氮（N₀：0）、减氮（RN：120 kg N·hm^-2）和常规施氮（CN：180 kg N·hm^-2）为裂区,研究分析土壤含水量、根长、根系分布、小麦产量、耗水量（ET）、水分利用效率（WUE）和氮素利用情况。【结果】与不覆盖相比,秋闲期秸秆覆盖显著提高播种至孕穗期0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层含水量及播种时与拔节期0―100cm土层土壤贮水量,秸秆覆盖的保墒效应可持续至孕穗开花阶段;覆盖显著促进小麦拔节期和开花期耕层根系生长,尤其是0—10 cm土层根系直径增加、根长密度显著提高;覆盖下小麦总耗水量、WUE、氮素吸收量、播种至拔节期氮素积累速率、拔节至开花期氮素积累速率、氮素籽粒生产效率（NUEg）、氮肥农学效率（AEN）和氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）两年均值较不覆盖分别提高11.4%、71.8%、73.1%、119.0%、100.0%、3.6%、264.7%和78.2%;覆盖下氮肥回收效率（REN）较不覆盖增加44.4个百分点。覆盖后冬小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和产量两年均值较不覆盖分别提高31.8%、44.4%和92.9%。秸秆覆盖效应大于施氮量效应。与常规施氮量相比,减氮处理未显著降低0—10 cm土层根长密度、耗水量、水分利用效率与籽粒产量;覆盖结合减氮显著提高群体氮素籽粒生产效率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥回收效率。【结论】秋闲期秸秆覆盖提高播种至拔节期土壤水分含量和储量,促进拔节期小麦根系在表层土壤中的生长,进而促进氮素吸收利用、提高冬小麦产量与水肥利用效率;秋闲期覆盖结合120 kg·hm^-2施氮量是适宜四川旱地冬小麦的减氮增效高产栽培技术模式。     

水分氮素及环境因子对南疆膜下滴灌棉花水分利用效率影响研究

试验研究了不同灌水量(2 850、3 900和4 950 m3/hm2)与施氮量(0、180、270和360 N kg/hm2)条件下南疆膜下滴灌棉花蕾期、花铃期与盛铃期功能叶水分利用效率(WUE).结果表明,在蕾期、花铃期水分与氮素对棉花叶片水分利用效率WUE无显著影响;在盛铃期,WUE显著地受到水分的影响,施氮、施氮与水分的交互作用对WUE无显著影响.在盛铃期时,灌水量为4 950 m3/hm2时的WUE显著高于灌水量为3 900和2 850 m3/hm2,后两者之间的WUE无显著差异.南疆膜下滴灌棉花水分利用效率的大小与棉田冠层环境因子密切相关,其中,温度是最主要的影响因子.WUE与叶片温度、空气温度、空气饱和差、胞间CO2与空气CO2浓度比呈现出极显著的负相关关系、WUE与光合有效辐射PAR呈显著负相关关系,WUE与空气相对湿度、空气CO2浓度呈现出极显著的正相关关系.