播种深度对花生生育进程和叶片衰老的影响及其生理机制

在春播、土壤水分适宜以及起垄覆膜种植模式条件下,选用大花生品种山花108,设置3、5、7、9、11、13和15 cm (SD3、SD5、SD7、SD9、SD11、SD13和SD15) 7种播种深度,研究播种深度对花生生育进程、叶绿素含量、光合性能、干物质积累量、抗氧化酶活性及产量形成的影响。2年结果表明,播种深度明显影响花生出苗时间,与SD5处理相比, SD15处理的出苗期推迟5 d,产量形成期缩短2.5 d。播深过浅(3 cm)或过深(7 cm)显著降低了植株主茎高和侧枝长,导致叶面积指数(LAI)显著降低;且降低了产量形成期叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,导致植株干物质积累量显著降低。播种过深(7cm)显著降低了产量形成期叶片可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,导致叶片膜脂过氧化加剧。各播深处理相比,SD5处理的荚果和籽仁产量较高,主要是由于其单株结果数、单果重及出仁率的提高,播种深度超过7 cm后,减产显著。因而,春花生适宜的播种深度应控制在5 cm。     

BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与内源激素的关系

【目的】研究BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与小孢子发生过程中内源激素含量变化的关系,为激素调控温光敏雄性不育小麦花粉育性提供理论依据。【方法】选用BNS和BNS366为试验材料,分别以矮抗58和郑麦366（BNS366的近等基因系）为对照,进行正常秋季播种（2018年10月10日）和晚播（2018年12月2日）试验,用I₂-KI法测定花粉育性,用国内法和国际法测定自交结实率,采用间接酶联免疫法测定雌雄蕊原基分化期-三核期叶片、雌雄蕊原基分化期-四分体期幼穗和单核中位期-三核期花药中6种内源激素的含量。【结果】在正常秋季播种条件下,BNS和BNS366花粉可育率、国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率均为零,达到全不育水平,在晚播条件下,BNS的这三个指标分别为34.74%、43.12%和48.48%,达到低不育水平,BNS366则分别为92.63%、55.37%和67.94%,达到正常可育水平,播种期间差异均达到极显著水平;矮抗58和郑麦366在2种播期条件下,则为82.56%—94.00%、73.90%—82.31%和96.54%—139.26%,均为正常可育,播种期间差异不显著;BNS和BNS366花粉可育率-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下花粉可育率提高百分率）均分别极显著低于矮抗58和郑麦366。分别在2个试验组内进行内源激素含量的多重比较,BNS和BNS366与矮抗58和郑麦366内源激素含量-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下激素含量提高百分率）存在差异,对内源激素含量与花粉可育率、内源激素含量-∆与花粉可育率-∆进行了相关性分析,发现BNS和BNS366不育株在小麦幼穗发育过程中激素含量存在特征性变化。生长素（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）含量在四分体期（BNS）和雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS366）叶片中不足,在单核中位期（BNS）和单核靠边期（BNS366）花药中不足,在二核期花药中盈余;赤霉素（gibberellic acid,GA）含量在四分体期幼穗和单核中位期花药中不足;玉米素核苷（zeatin riboside,ZR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）含量分别在四分体期幼穗中存在偏低倾向（BNS）或确定存在不足（BNS366）现象;油菜素内酯（brassinosteroid,BR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）含量在雌雄蕊原基分化期、四分体期、单核靠边期（BNS）或单核中位期（BNS366）和三核期叶片中不足,在雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS）或四分体期幼穗（BNS366）中不足,在单核靠边期花药中不足。【结论】正常秋季播种条件下,单核靠边期之前,BNS和BNS366中IAA、GA和ABA的含量不足,尤其是MeJA的含量不足,可能促进了二者雄性不育的发生。     

菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237发酵液对污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解及群落结构分析

[目的]利用中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室分离获得的菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237,研究生物强化(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液)对污染土壤中3种多环芳烃(PAHs)[Phenanthrene、Pyrene和Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)]的降解效果,为该菌株在PAHs污染土壤中的应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测7个处理土壤(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的Phenanthrene、Pyrene和BaP污染土壤分别标记为PheBA、PyrBA和BaPBA,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤分别标记为Phe、Pyr和BaP,原始土壤标记为CK)中3种PAHs含量,利用ABTS法检测土壤中漆酶活性,并运用高通量测序技术分析修复后土壤中细菌群落结构的变化.[结果]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种PAHs污染土壤中均能生长,接种菌株发酵液15 d后,3种PAHs均有一定降解,其中BaP降解效果最佳,降解率达33.99%;且菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种污染土壤中均能分泌漆酶.高通量测序Alpha多样性指数分析结果表明,污染土壤接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液后,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著增加(P<0.05),不同处理土壤样品的Chao1指数和Shannon指数排序均为:PheBA>PyrBA>BaPBA>CK>Phe>Pyr>BaP.Beta多样性的主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成;在门分类水平上,污染土壤样品中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势门;在属分类水平上,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的污染土壤样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势菌属,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤Phe和Pyr样品中苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)为优势菌属,而BaP样品中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势菌属.[结论]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液在PAHs污染土壤中能分泌漆酶,对3种PAHs均有一定的降解效果,且能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成,在一定程度上对PAHs污染土壤有较好的修复效果.     

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes, including soil respiration. However, the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments (0, 5, 15, and 30 g N m^-2 year^-1 as control, low N (LN), moderate N (MN), and high N (HN), respectively) in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China. Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base, respectively, in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control. No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN, MN, and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control. Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern, C partitioning, and microbial activity, which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.     

SNAT2介导蛋氨酸对牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与自噬的调节作用

钠离子依赖性中性氨基酸转运体2（SNAT2）是一种氨基酸转运蛋白，可转运中性氨基酸，广泛分布于多种细胞中。氨基酸既可作为蛋白质合成的底物，也是调节细胞新陈代谢的关键信号分子，但SNAT2是否介导氨基酸调节BMECs增殖和自噬尚未见报道。本研究利用CASY细胞计数和Western blotting技术检测SNAT2过表达和siRNA干扰后牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）增殖情况以及SNAT2对自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ表达量的影响，并利用免疫荧光检测细胞自噬斑点（LC3-Ⅱ）变化。结果显示，SNAT2过表达时，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量增加，反之，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量下降。SNAT2抑制时，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增加，免疫荧光检测自噬斑点增多。添加自噬增强剂海藻糖（trehalose，Tre）和蛋氨酸（methionine，Met）后，与单一添加Tre组相比，Met+Tre组p-mTOR表达量增加，LC3-Ⅱ表达量降低，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点减少；添加Tre和Met并抑制SNAT2时，p-mTOR表达量下降，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增多，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点增加。以上结果表明，SNAT2可介导Met通过调控PI3K-mTOR/Cyclin D1信号通路调节BMECs的增殖与自噬。     

油菜籽来源抗氧化物质研究进展

油菜籽中含有多种具有抗氧化活性的物质，为抵御机体的氧化损伤起到了积极作用。本文综述了油菜籽来源的诸多抗氧化活性成分及抗氧化活性的评价方法。油菜籽主要的抗氧化成分有肽类、多酚类、多糖类、生育酚和其它抗氧化成分，其中的肽类主要有三种产生方式：非消化酶酶解、消化酶酶解和发酵。针对油菜籽来源的活性物质抗氧化活性的评价方法，包括体外测定方法（化学检测）和细胞内抗氧化实验和动物实验。综述还探讨了油菜籽抗氧化活性成分研究中存在的问题和解决方法，旨在为油菜籽活性成分的开发和利用提供参考。     

微生物发酵在菜籽饼粕饲用品质改良中的应用研究进展

随着畜牧业的快速发展、优质饲料原料的严重不足以及国际进口贸易形势的日益紧张,开发非常规饲料资源的需求愈发迫切。菜籽饼粕是我国第一大油料作物油菜的加工副产物,饲用价值不高严重制约了在饲料工业中的应用。微生物发酵技术具有改良菜籽饼粕品质和提高畜禽生产性能的优势。本文综述了微生物发酵改良菜籽饼粕饲用价值的机理、影响因素以及微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料在畜禽生产中的应用,讨论了目前微生物发酵菜籽饼粕生产中存在的问题,展望了未来微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料的发展方向。     

高原鼠兔对高寒草甸冬季牧场中土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征的影响

【目的】从小尺度的斑块状栖息地角度出发分析高原鼠兔干扰及不同干扰强度对植被覆盖区土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）和全磷（STP）含量的影响,有助于全面理解小型食草动物对草地土壤化学计量特征的影响。【方法】以高原鼠兔为研究对象,测定高原鼠兔栖息地及栖息地不同植被覆盖区土壤的 SOC、STN、STP 含量及土壤 C∶N∶P 化学计量特征的变化。【结果】与未干扰植被覆盖区相比,高原鼠兔栖息地植被覆盖区的 STN 含量和 N∶P 显著下降（P＜0. 05）,C∶N 显著增加（P＜0. 05）,但 SOC 和 STP 含量及 C∶P 没有发生显著变化;STN 和 SOC 含量、C∶P 和 N∶P 在高原鼠兔干扰最大的核心区最低,干扰强度最小的边缘区最高;C∶N 在干扰强度适中的次核心区最高,边缘区最低;而 STP 含量在不同干扰强度的植被覆盖区没有显著差异。【结论】高原鼠兔干扰及干扰强度会对其领地内植被覆盖区的土壤化学计量特征产生影响。高原鼠兔斑块状栖息地中土壤化学计量特征的变化可能是影响植物丰富度的因素之一。