菜籽饼粕生物转化与高值化利用技术研究进展

菜籽饼粕是一种利用价值很高的优质植物蛋白资源。由于饼粕中存在硫甙、芥酸、植酸等多种有害成分和抗营养因子,其利用价值和应用范围受到极大限制。生物技术法对于改善饼粕饲用品质、提升综合利用价值、拓宽应用领域等方面具有独特的优势。本文重点介绍了生物技术法在饼粕脱毒、饲用品质改良、发酵生产食用菌和酶制剂等产品的生物转化与高值化利用方面的最新研究进展,并概述了生物技术法应用于饼粕的发展方向。     

芥子甙的测定方法

选用切实可用的油菜芥子甙分析方法,对解决菜籽饼粕含毒问题,提高菜籽饼粕的饲用价值有现实意义。现有的葡萄糖甙试纸、硝酸银及紫外分光光度等方法限于设备条件普遍推广应用尚有一定困难,目前我们选用的硫酸钡重量法,操作简便,容易掌握,可供油菜品质育种工作的参考。     

菜籽多酚的制备、检测及其在加工过程中的变化研究进展

菜籽多酚是菜籽中的一种重要的活性物质,具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、抑菌、抗氧化、清除自由基等多种生物活性,应用前景广阔。菜籽经压榨后,大部分的多酚都残留在菜籽饼粕中,影响菜籽饼粕的利用,因此研究菜籽多酚的提取、纯化、检测及其在菜籽油加工过程中的变化对于菜籽饼粕高效利用和菜籽多酚的开发意义重大。本文简述了菜籽多酚及其分类,综述了菜籽多酚的制备和检测方法、菜籽多酚在菜籽油加工过程中的变化研究,以期为菜籽多酚的开发和利用提供参考依据。       

油菜籽饼粕中硫代葡萄糖甙降解产物的定性分析

油菜籽榨油后剩下的约60％饼粕,其中含蛋白质约35％,是优良的畜禽饲料。但饼粕中含有3—8％的多种硫代葡萄糖甙(下称芥子甙)在菜籽中的芥子酶作用下生成异硫氰酸酯(ITC)、恶唑烷硫酮(OZT)和腈类等有毒化合物,限制了饼粕的有效利用。为了利用这些蛋白质资源,国内外开展饼粕脱毒研究已有20多年的历史,但关于饼粕化学脱毒产物的定性分析的报道还不多见。为此,我们采用GC/MS/DS联用技术,对饼粕中芥子甙     

试论我国高粱产业的发展——四论高粱饲料业的发展

我国畜牧业的发展需要大量饲料作物支撑。粒用高粱、草高粱、甜高粱等都是优良饲料,既可提供籽粒,又可提供茎叶。高粱籽粒作畜禽饲料时,其饲用价值与玉米相当。而且,由于其籽粒中含有单宁,在配方饲料中加入10％～15％的高粱籽粒,可有效的预防幼畜禽的肠道白痢病,提高成活率。近年,草高粱和甜高粱的生产显示了巨大的发展潜势,茎叶作青饲料,或连同籽粒作青贮饲料,或籽粒收获后制作干草饲用,均具有很高的饲用价值。     

饲料的生熟禁忌

绝大多数饲料生熟皆宜，但也有不少饲料较特殊，应区别对待．合理使用．否则会造成饲料浪费，甚至会危及畜禽的健康和生命。哪些饲料有生熟禁忌呢？1宜熟忌生饲料棉籽饼和菜籽饼：棉籽饼含有游离棉酚，菜籽饼中含有硫代葡萄苷，这两种物质均对畜禽有毒害作用，必须经高温煮熟去毒后饲用。木薯、洋芋：木薯中的氢氰酸和洋芋中的龙葵素等有毒物质，须经高温去毒。水浮莲、水葫芦、水浮萍：这三种水生饲料常有寄生虫卵或附着有寄生虫的中间寄生，均宜煮熟喂。忌生喂的饲料还有鱼类和蚯蚓等。2宜生忌熟饲料猪觅菜、甜菜叶：二者叶肥计多，维生素…     

发挥山区优势开发饲料大麦生产、促进畜禽发展

雅安位于四川盆地西部边缘山区,具有发展畜牧业生产的优势,现已成为我省开发奶牛、羊、兔和瘦肉型猪的重要基地。近期内,由联合国贷款,计划发展奶牛2—4千头、奶山羊10万只、肉兔和长毛兔150—200万只、出栏猪80万头,加之原有畜禽的发展,预计需饲料粮二亿多公斤,占全区粮食总产(五亿多公斤)的40％左右。为满足上述需要,腾出更多的玉米、小麦、红苕等饲用粮作食用和其它之用,急待寻求新的饲料资源,开发大麦生产。大麦的饲用价值及利用方式大麦用途广泛,主要作畜禽的优质饲料。全世界大麦饲用量占总产量的80—90％,我国     

采用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵菜籽饼粕生产溶栓酶条件的优化

利用枯草芽孢杆菌对菜籽饼粕进行发酵,并以影响菜籽饼粕发酵的重要因素,即培养基组成、发酵pH、发酵时间做三因素三水平正交试验,对发酵产生激酶的溶栓活性进行测定,并监测菜籽饼粕中有毒有害物质硫甙、异硫氰酸酯和恶唑烷硫酮发酵前后含量的变化。结果表明：最佳发酵条件是采用LB培养基活化菌株,发酵pH7,发酵时间24h。发酵后的菜籽饼粕中的硫甙、异硫氰酸酯和恶唑烷硫酮得到基本降解,极大地降低了菜籽饼粕的毒性。本项研究结果将为菜籽饼粕的综合利用开辟出一条新途径。     

福建省饲料大麦生产现状及发展对策

本文阐述了大麦的饲用价值、生产现状和存在问题 ,提出今后发展饲料大麦生产的对策。     

“双低”菜籽饼粕发酵酿制酱油

油菜籽饼粕蛋白质的利用一直是国内外的一个重要研究领域。常规油菜籽饼粕因硫甙含量高而限制了它的利用。“双低”饼粕硫甙含量虽低(0.3％以下),可以安全饲用,但高于国际上推荐作食品的硫甙的极限含量(0.4‰),不能直接食用。其他如单宁、植酸、芥子碱等对营养物质的吸收利用不利,也有碍食品的风味,在硫甙含量低到一定程度后,降低上述成分含量尤其重要。近年来,中国农科院油料作物研究所与武汉市生物技术研究开发中心等单位合作,首次进行了以“双低”菜籽饼粕为蛋白源发酵酿制酱油的研究。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉加工现状及对鱼类影响

鱼粉价格上涨,饲料成本上升,严重制约着水产养殖业的可持续发展,开发新型饲料蛋白源、节约鱼粉蛋白成为亟待解决的重要问题。大豆浓缩蛋白(soy protein concentrate,SPC)是由豆粕经乙醇或甲醇提取后的大豆制品。它具有高蛋白质含量(65%～70%)、高消化率,较少的抗营养因子等特点,被广泛应用于鱼类配合饲料。本文概述了大豆浓缩蛋白的理化特性、产品分类、加工工艺及替代鱼粉对鱼类生长、消化、免疫、肠道组织、抗氧化、蛋白质代谢等方面的影响,为合理开发利用大豆浓缩蛋白,节约鱼粉蛋白,降低饲料成本提供理论依据。     

肉桂渣开发饲料添加剂研究前景

我国肉桂产量占世界肉桂产量的80%以上,而广东、广西两省肉桂产量占我国肉桂产量的95%以上,桂油生产产生大量的桂皮渣、桂叶渣,对其进行开发利用变废为宝势在必行,并具有广阔前景。目前人畜共粮矛盾的日趋突出,生物发酵饲料的应用和开发得到了足够的重视,随着生活水平的不断提高,人类对健康的关注越来越多,利用肉桂渣研究开发一种生物饲料及饲料添加剂将具有广阔的前景。     

牡丹江丘陵区大豆食心虫发生规律及生物防治效果研究

调查了牡丹江丘陵半山区大豆食心虫种群数量的动态变化及有关气象因素,并对化学防治与生物防治的效果进行比较。结果表明:2011年该区大豆食心虫始发期在7月下旬,终结期在8月末,持续时间约为35 d,高峰期出现在8月中下旬;随着温度的升高,食心虫数量有增高趋势,当温度达到一定程度后食心虫的数量波动幅度明显减小;化学防治与生物防治的单株粒重、虫粒数、虫食率、单株粒数在1%显著水平上达极显著差异,生物防治的单株粒数和单株粒重分别是化学防治的1.16和1.20倍,而生物防治的虫粒数和虫食率分别是化学防治的71.4%和61.3%。因此,生物防治可以有效降低食心虫虫食率,提高大豆品质和产量。     

茶园土壤酸化成因及改良措施研究和展望

由于茶园自身及外在因素的影响,近年来茶园土壤酸化趋势日益严重。茶园土壤酸化表现为土壤结构性变差、肥力降低及重金属含量增加,进而影响到茶树的生长发育,降低茶叶的品质,甚至可能对人体健康产生危害,严重威胁茶园的可持续发展。本文回顾并梳理了近年来茶园土壤酸化方面的研究成果,综述了茶园土壤酸化的成因、危害及改良措施,并提出了该领域未来的研究方向。     

湖南首次发现东方行军蚁为害茶树

【目的】鉴定并描述发生在湖南慈利的一种为害茶树根茎部的茶树害虫,以期明确其种名并为生产防治提供依据。【方法】采用形态学及DNA条形码技术对其进行物种鉴定,进一步对其生物学进行记录和描述。【结果】通过形态学和分子生物学研究,该虫被鉴定为东方行军蚁(Dorylus orientalis westwood,1835)。该虫蛀食茶树根茎部皮层进行为害,被害茶园形成多处缺株,产量损失大,严重影响茶树的生长和产量。【结论】东方行军蚁是一种新记录的茶树害虫,具有虫体较小、繁殖力强、为害具有隐蔽性的特点,可采取灯光诱杀、毒饵诱杀和化学防治等措施进行防治。     

农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染研究

黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉等产毒真菌产生，属生物源危害物，是毒性极强的一类真菌毒素，历史上因食用黄曲霉毒素污染产品造成过多次人及家养动物群体中毒死亡事件。黄曲霉毒素通过污染农产品与动物饲料进入食物链，严重威胁全球食品安全与人类健康。为了减少黄曲霉毒素污染危害，非常有必要掌握黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及食品主要种类。因此，本文通过研究国内外相关文献报道，较为全面地总结了近年来黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及其制品的主要种类，包括：谷物及其制品、调味品、饲料等12个类别，共计143种产品。通过归纳总结黄曲霉毒素污染产品种类，可以为农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染防治研究提供重要科学依据，对保障消费安全和产业健康发展具有重要指导意义。     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.     

Study on pre-laying characteristics of three breeds of commercial layers in the Derived Savannah zone of Nigeria

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of strains on productive characteristics of three genotypes of commercial pullets: Isa Brown, Bovan Nera and Dominant Black. A total number of 300 day-old chicks (100 chicks per strain) were purchased from local hatcheries. Individual body weight and linear measurements were determined from 0-20 weeks of age. There were highly significant (p < 0.01) strain differences in body weight, body length, thigh length, shank length, breast girth, feed conversion and feed efficiency. Bovan Nera recorded highest body weight, lowest feed conversion ratio and superior feed efficiency at maturity (20th week). Dominant Black on the other hand had lowest body weight, highest feed conversion and very low feed efficiency while Isa Brown recorded intermediate mean values for these traits. It was indicated in this study that regardless of strain, all the traits studied increased in mean values with advancing age of the birds. In addition, positive association between body weight and sexually maturity was established as Bovan Nera with the highest body weight at 20th week laid the first egg. The results also revealed the inverse relationship between feed conversion and feed efficiency. The former declined in mean values as the birds grew older while the latter increased simultaneously but the rate of change differs among strains. Bovan Nera was adjudged good and feed efficient because the strain had the highest mean values in body weight and feed efficiency ratio at maturity (20th week) and could be recommended to farmers for increased productivity, income generation and business sustainability.     

东北地区玉米秸秆饲料化利用优势度分析

玉米秸秆饲料化作为农作物秸秆综合利用的有效途径之一，可为反刍动物提供优质的粗饲料，对推动“节粮型”畜牧业的发展有重要作用。本文测算东北三省 2016～2020年玉米秸秆饲料化利用量与反刍动物秸秆饲料化需求量，进而分析玉米秸秆饲料化满足度与优势度。结果表明， 2016～2020年东北地区玉米秸秆饲料化利用量和反刍动物秸秆饲料化需求量呈波动变化，波动幅度较为稳定，玉米秸秆饲料化满足度均属满足程度，黑龙江相对于其他两省的优势更加明显。提出加强政策及资金扶持力度、因地制宜地发展秸秆饲料化利用、引进先进技术设备、建立科教培训体系和产教融合机制的建议。     

Zur Planung und Durchführung von Versuchen an Hunden zur Qualitätsprüfung von Futtermitteln

If the quality of food or feed is to be tested in experiments with the dogs, the criteria of evaluation are of other kind than in studies with farm or with small laboratory animals. In livestock the effect of the quality of feed is examined by well definable performances, e.g. fattening, milk production, egg production. In the case of small laboratory animals mainly growth or metabolism experiments are carried out. For testing the quality of feed with dogs the strongly marked olfactory sense of the dogs is used in order to find out the feed preferred in feedselection experiments. Furthermore, dogs are used expecially in long-term experiments. In these studies the effect of the quality of feed on numerous biological parameters is investigated. Here, the parameters are to be considered not only individually but also in their correlations to each other. The views are presented which are to be regarded during the planning, carrying out and the evaluation of feed-selection experiments and of long-term experiments during the breeding phase of bitches and the growth phase of young dogs. Results of a series of experiments are reported. The use of a complete feed for breeding and maintenance (feed U) was compared with the use of a special breeding feed (feed Z) and a special maintenance feed (feed H), respectively, in dogs of the strain Chbi: BEAGLE. The feed-selection experiments showed no preference for either diet. Initially, on changing diets, the dogs consumed more of whichever new feed was given. From the parameters which characterize the breeding performance the only biologically relevant and statistically significant difference determined was a higher feed consumption in the feed-U-group. In the rearing phase the feed comsumption was higher in the feed-U-group, too.